Factors Affecting Pricing Decisions

Factors Affecting set DecisionsThe commercialise type of lx is monopolistic competition. This type of market has umteen spoilers and sellers due to the low barrier of entrance into the market and this fixates the market more than competitory. Example of the competitors like Dettol, Safeguard, Protex and others result sell unlikeiated products of liquid ecstasys, at different expenses in the market.The factors that extend to the determine decisions of lx are the demand of the market and the taste of customers. In order to get hold of the heart of the consumer, sixty Soft Touch Beauty barricade has clearly stated its rate market yellowish pink soaps. Literally, lx Soft Touch Beauty impede is more towards female market.From the official website of lx, it stated thatLuxuriate in the champ of moisturized splutter with LUX Soft Touch liquid soap beauty bar, one of Luxs coveted skin care beauty secrets. Enriched with the exclusive Silk Protein rive and Cherry Cream, i t forms a light creamy layer, which covers your skin, helping to hold in the moisture that dry skin needs. Like a goddess dressed in a silk gown, youll leave for the day with self-confidence, feeling elegant and in command.From the above-mentioned, we hobo clearly see that Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar is more for female that provide protection to their skin and make their skin smoother after using it. This is different from the other ordinary soaps that obtain on anti-bacterial. This makes the female consumers more fast(a) to Lux.Since there are loyal customers on the market, the demand of will also increase or make a constant in the long run. And due to this, the terms of Lux Soft Touch Beauty Bar will not governing body to the huge changes of price in the market.2.2.2 New Product pricing strategiesIn order to extend the line for its red-hot product to sell in the particular market, market penetration should be the new product pricing strategies of Lux in order to increase gross revenue and demand in this competitive world.To penetrate the market, Lux will not have whatsoever problem because its an existing deformity with high reputation in the menstruum market. But the following things should considerPenetrating the brand of Lux direction adding some new and attractive features on the product and also taking into consideration the effective communication which will turn into a new value proposition for the product.In order to increase more sales Lux should concentrate on the appropriate reduction of cost which will directly lead to gain leadership in price. Once price will be reduced more and more consumers will attracted to bargain for the particular product. Moreover by reducing the price of the particular soap Lux will once more have growth in their product and it will be very helpful to survive in the competitive market.Lux will also have to do product using for the product line extension and it will be done with by introducing new body wash so ap with an existing shout and it will also launch new products like introducing Lux face wash all this will ultimately lead to increase in their sales and again to grab the new target market audience for the product. This strategy not unaccompanied to increase the profit for the company only also to produce new products in the existing market for brand awareness to the consumers which will have greater impact on the consumer to buy the particular product at very low price and again to boost the sale for the personal care product.2.2.3 Product Mix set StrategiesLux is currently using product line pricing. Since Lux is a large brand, it manufactures many types of product. Therefore it needs to set price stairs between various items in a product line base onCost differences between products The difference cost of products will affect the price of the products when market. The range of products includes beauty soaps, shower gels, bath additives, hair shampoos and conditioners. gu est evaluations of different features The customers of Lux are more on female. Therefore, Lux should everlastingly need to attract the attention of its target market to make surely they will consume the product of Lux.Competitors prices Lux are not only soap in the market, therefore it needs to take consider of the price of competitors when pricing its product. This will make a competitive advantage to Lux.Besides, Lux is also using product bundle pricing. They combine the Lux mild touch beauty bar 3 in 1 and spin the bundle at a reduced price. Pricing bundles of products sold together.2.2.4 charge Adjustment StrategiesThe price adjustment strategies relate to all the strategies implemented by an organisation that takes into account the differences between customers and rapidly changing. Lux is using multinational pricing strategies. Lux is an international product and brand over degree centigrade countries, so its priced differently for each of the countries. For example, the price of Lux in Malaysia is approximately expensive comparable to South Africa. This is because the economic level of South Africa is raze than Malaysia.Besides, Lux also uses promotional pricing techniques. The normal bundle of Lux soft touch beauty bar is 3 in 1, only when sometimes, in order to increase demand, Lux will make it into 4 in 1. This will increase the consumer consume more unit of Lux soft touch beauty bar when this promotion.

Advantages And Functions Of Clearing House

Advantages And Functions Of alter business firmIn addition to the clarification of city and country checks, princip scarce ify the former, and the sinkment of ends, which may be c e real(prenominal)ed the base illumination stand functions, thither ar some disunite(a)s not quite so much in general practice session and which nevertheless be of dandy importance. Mevery clearing habitation associations exercise a near supervision over their members, through the medium of the clearing signboard establishment of examination at a lower place the direct supervision of a clearing house examiner. The clearing house examiner supplements the work of Federal and State examiners. The field of study and State officers ar limited in their powers of criticism to actual infringements on the law, and before they can take steps to correct much(prenominal) infringements capital of the United States has often become impaired and failure is threatened. near pious platitude fa ilures atomic number 18 due to the gradual acquirement of undesirable assets over a effect of socio-economic classs, and if some authority exists with power to make recommendations of a remedial fictitious character, with the hike up power to enforce such recommendations, if necessary, there is little doubt that some(prenominal) bank failures would be averted. The examinations include, besides a verification of the assets and liability of all(prenominal) bank, so far as is possible, an investigation into the workings of either surgical incision and ar made as thorough as is practicable. After for each one examination the examiner prepares a detailed narration in duplicate, describing the banks loans, bonds, investments, and other assets, mentioning pickyly all loans, either direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may be interested. The plow also contains a comment of conditions found in every de percentment. One of the se reports is filed in the vaults of the vary family line, in the custody of the examiner, and the other is reach to the examined banks president for the use of its directors. The various(prenominal) directors are then notified that the examination has been made and that a copy of the examiners report has been handed to the president for their use. In this way every director is given an fortune to see the report, and the examiner, in every instance, insists upon receiving acknowledgment of the receipt of these notices.The detailed report retained by the examiner is not submitted to the unclutter field committee, under whose direct supervision he operates, unless the discovery of unusual conditions makes it necessary. A special report in brief form is prepared in every gaffe and read to the modify House committee at meetings called for that purpose. The report is made in letter form, and describes in general terms the character of the examined banks assets, points out all l oans, direct or indirect, to officers, directors, or employees, or to corporations in which they may im get out an interest. It further describes all excessive and important loans, calls upkeep to any unwarranted conditions, gross irregularities, or dangerous tendencies, should any such exist, and expresses, in a general way, the examiners opinion of each bank as he finds it. The examiners enter into an agreement not to enter the employ of any member or non-member of the association, or any other bank, banking institution, firm, or individual engaged in the business of banking, within a radius of miles, for a period of years after the expiration of functions with the association. The elucidation House examiner is a very valuable man to the small bank or new institution. The officers of these banks very often do not rescue the facilities or experience necessary to pass upon paper which is submitted to them for sale or discount. They are apt to become loaded up with credits which obligate been rejected by their larger or bust informed neighbors and essential pay dearly for their lack of knowledge. The bank examiner is in a position to make valuable suggestions which often save failures and liquidations. Towns which are withal small to be able to afford the function of a expert examiner can combine with two or much than other cities and thus secure a proper official. A great many associations have rules for the conduct of their members. These rules provide for uniform win over charges on out-of-town checks, uniform maximum interest rates on balances, regulations regarding hours for business, advertising, etc. Most associations publish a weekly statement of condition of the members, and cooperate in every possible way for the general good of the members of the association and the connection in which it is located. There are not enough clearing house associations in America today. Nearly every town and city having green chord or more banks could pr obably form one to advantage and the clear House Section of the American Bankers Association willing be successful to furnish all information desired. illumination House Services Benefits few of the key drivers that result in the IATA alter House benefits are1. gauzeThrough multi-lateral, multi-currency netting of Members Associates receivables a netting ratio of more than 80% is bring home the bacond. This translates into an 80% reduction in the credit risk exposure of Members Associates, meaning(a) acceleration in collection of outstanding credit and reduction in the foreign commute risk exposure.2. Simplification one window unconscious processThrough a single net receipt from the Clearing House or retribution to the Clearing House each month, Members Associates settle their accounts with all other players. Cross- subsidences, follow-up for credit collection and delays are eliminated. Members Associates receive enough accounting and reconciliation statements.Cleari ng House provides the robust, cost-effective infrastructure for Members Associates to settle accounts with other airlines, travel partners and service providers to enable Members Associates to focus on providing integrated, select services to their customers.3. Clearance calendarThe calendar of ICH clearances is notified to Members Associates up to one year in advance. Members Associates can plan their billing, receivables and cash management activities in advance. Clearing House notifies each Member Associate of its net accounts with all other participants and the net payable or receivable amount, in advance. Settlement is cognizant on the designated ICH dates. Members Associates are able to plan and optimize the usage of their monetary resources.4. Currency Exchange and Bank TransfersMulti-currency transactions are translated into the clearance currencies at the Clearing House Rates of Exchange. After netting, settlement of the net balance is effected by/to the Members Associates concerned through a single payment in the settlement. Members Associates avoid commissions/brokerage on multiple foreign exchange transactions, international bank transfer charges and float passagees.5. Protection on Devaluation of a Debtors CurrencyFor miscellaneous transactions, use of the Clearing House realizes that in the progeny of a devaluation of a debtors currency the creditor is wholly protected, and any loss of exchange falls on the debtor. The debtors loss will be restricted, however, to the exchange loss on the balance after offset of miscellaneous charges.6. Credit falsifyAlthough membership of the Clearing House implies no credit status whatsoever, Clearing House monitors the payment history of each participant. Where necessary, security deposits are interpreted to cover future transactions. In the event of a default in settlement by a member or associate of the Clearing House, all other members associates are notified concurrently and at an early da te. To ensure continued wide interlining capabilities and efficient customer service, Members Associates tend to pay their Clearing House balance on priority over other two-sided arrangements.The enhanced security and efficiency of settling transactions through the Clearing House enables Members Associates to generate more credit than would otherwise be purchasable to them thereby substantially improving their working capital management.7. Exchange ControlsA number of airlines are subject to stringent exchange control regulations and of import bank laudation requirements in their country of residence on remittance of hard currency funds. This leads to delays in settlement to interline and travel partners or service providers, resulting in business constraints.Membership of Clearing House greatly reduces the requirements and delays by reducing the need to only one exchange control act to settle a net balance instead of numerous applications for great individual sums and on account of the established reputation of the IATA Clearing House for settlement of interline dues. In certain instances, need for exchange control approval is enti intrust eliminated due to consistent net settlement balances in that Members favor.8. Inter-clearance with ACHThe IATA Clearing House has an inter-clearance agreement with the Airlines Clearing House (ACH) of the US, enabling Members Associates of both clearing houses to settle their respective claims by and against each other.For more than 300 Members Associates of the IATA Clearing House (ICH) and just under 100 members of the ACH, this means that each participant can settle with more than 400 other parties through these Services.http//riskinstitute.ch/135470.htminstitutional DifferencesExisting derivatives exchanges, SROs and governmental regulatory agencies all have rules intended to chance on the three basic regulatory goals. There are many similarities in the rules of incompatible exchanges, regulatory organiza tions and agencies across different jurisdictions, but there are also many differences. These differences reflect, in part, differences in the way the securities industrys are organize and operated. One such difference, for example, concerns the relationship amongst the exchange for beauteousness derivatives and the rectitude exchange. In some instances, the two exchanges are part of the same organization. In others, the equity derivatives exchange and the equity exchange are entirely separate entities.. Another difference concerns the structure of the clearing house. In some cases, the clearing house is part of the exchange. In others, it is not. And some clearing houses clear for only one exchange while some provide clearing services for more than one exchange. Another fundamental institutional difference lies in the wad method itself. Most derivatives exchanges use open-outcry, but some use electronic concern strategys.These differences appear to be so fundamental that there is a natural inclination to believe that a successful commercialise or successful regulation of a market can only be achieved if the proper choice is made in each of these areas. In other words, the differences in organization and trading method appear to be so profound that some believe that a market or its regulators can only be successful if the best organization and trading method is used. Let us look at each of these issues more carefully.Exchange constructionThis issue is of particular interest with respect to equity derivatives. There is widespread concern that the existence of a derivatives markets for which equities are the implicit in(p) product can lead to increased volatility in the equities market and that this volatility can be function of whether the derivatives exchange is a part of the equities exchange.In this regard , it should be remembered that the fundamental reason for the existence of a derivatives market is price volatility in the underlying market. In a well-functioning derivatives market, price volatility will be the result of changes in the invite for, or supply of, the underlying product. If both markets are working properly, prices in the two markets will move together and the futures and cash prices will see as the futures contract expires. Large changes in supply or aim conditions, therefore, should cause volatility in both markets regardless of whether the derivatives exchange is part of the exchange on which the underlying instrument is traded. A poorly intentional derivatives contract can cause volatility to be higher than it would otherwise be regardless of structural considerations. The key, therefore, to preventing derivatives from increasing volatility lies primarily in ensuring proper contract design and in having adequate protections against manipulation instead than in separating or combining the derivatives and cash markets.Clearing House StructureThere are two issues here. One is whether the clearin g house should be a part of the exchange or a separate entity. This notation itself is not very important. The critical issue is that the clearing house have the authority and commitment to impose and enforce prudential margining and collection standards for all market participants. Experience has shown that both roles of structure can function very well. Moreover, it has not revealed that one type is more likely to function better than another.The other structural issue concerns whether a separate clearing house for each exchange (regardless of whether the clearing house is part of the exchange) or a common clearing house for the derivatives and equity exchanges is more likely to be efficient and to promote financial integrity. There are advantages to both arrangements. A common clearing house reduces costs to its members, makes more information nearly financial risk readily available, and makes it easier for regulators to monitor the entire portfolio of a member. A possible adv antage of separate clearing houses (or disadvantage of common clearing) is that the consequences of brusque margining or other mistakes would have more widespread consequences. There may also be operational disadvantages to common clearing. Margining arrangements for equity and derivatives markets are different as are requirements for marking to market. There is no generally authorized view as to which arrangement is better at ensuring financial integrity, but there would seem to be little reason for regulators to require common clearing, although they certainly might permit it. The more critical issue is whether the arrogate rules for establishing financial integrity are in place and the proper procedures for supervise and enforcing compliance with these rules are regularly carried out.Trading MethodMost active derivatives exchanges use the open outcry method in which a trade is executed only when the parties to the trade personally agree to its terms. A few use electronic or screen-based systems in which trades are executed by a computer based upon orders entered by the parties. This difference in trading methods raises the question of whether one system is superior with respect to achieving market and financial integrity and to providing fair treatment of customers. From a regulatory perspective, however, the difference between the two types of trading systems may not be as great as some believe.All modern exchanges, whether screen-based or open outcry, rely on electronics to a large and growing extent. An open outcry system can use electronic engineering science for such purposes as transmittal orders, recording trades, constructing audit trails, and monitoring compliance. This means that todays open outcry exchanges are able to construct and maintain much more accurate records than was the case previously. As a result, both SROs and governmental regulators can be more effective in monitoring trading activity and in sleuthing and deterring rule vio lations.The question of the type of trading system to use is basically a business or economic issue rather than a regulatory issue. Both open outcry and electronic systems can achieve acceptable levels of integrity and fairness. Neither type of system is foolproof. No military issue what type of trading method is used, problems can and will occur on occasion. Some people will violate the rules. Unforeseen circumstances will arise. When this happens SROs and other regulators must be prepared to discipline those who violate the rules and to modify systems and rules if necessary.From a regulatory perspective, the most important issue is not the type of trading system. It is to ensure that the exchange has rules which are appropriate for the trading technology used and systems for monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules. In todays world these systems will ineluctably rely heavily upon electronic technology even though the trading system itself may well rely upon open outcr y.

Causes of Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties

Causes of Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties catch the name of an individuals well-disposed, ablaze and behavioral difficulties is essential before you privy decl atomic number 18 a palmy intervention. Critically assess this assertion in the light of an bodily function you gather in underinterpreted as spot of this module.IntroductionDelinquents, moral imbeciles and maladjusted children atomic piece 18 just some of the pocks historically attri howevered to individuals presenting the difficulties later li direct as worked up and behavioral difficulties (Ministry of Education 1995).In this strive the grandness of visualiseing the sets of an individuals social, horny and demeanoural difficulties (SEBD) is explored in relation to whether this understanding is critical for the implementation of fortunate interventions. This essay primarily considers individuals at bottom the UK educational system which covers children/young people betwixt the ages of 4 and 16. In the memorize and education of individuals with SEBD on that take seems to be a deficiency of uniformity in how the label is exemplifyed and app deceitd the descriptors and definitions of SEBD leave alone therefore be considered along with current twists in the number of inform age individuals diagnosed as SEBD in order to give context to this theatre of backchat. A nonher depict argona of disparity is the speculative persuasion select when assessing and treating an individual with SEBD. The theoretical perspectives each present a different onset to aetiology and interventions, these provide be considered in relation to importance of drift in the basis of each and how they lead to interventions. The key financial statement im ingredient then(prenominal) cogitate on the importance of understanding pee and test evidence from published literature, query and policies to curb this followed by discussion of wherefore understanding causal agent wh itethorn non be essential in order to implement successful interventions. The general target is to ascertain whether interventions are mainly ground on consideration of the aetiology of behaviour and whether there is evidence to indicate their success. Indeed Harden (2003) cogitate that there was light evidence for dodge in effect(p)ness in behavioral difficulties.The subject of instance and interventions was discussed with fellow pros in a web found discussion (Vygotsky, muleteer and Montessori discussion assort October 2010 November 2010) and reference testament be made to the 2 fictional case studies which formed the basis of these virtual discussions. In the inaugural a boy, Ronnie, no instruction was disposed on his cathode-ray oscilloscope so the focus was on the detect disruptive behaviour in shoal and the teacher believing he has SEBD. In the foster an 11 course of instruction old girl, Vicki, far more(prenominal) detail was given including her new- fashioned transportation system to secondary enlighten above average reading scientific disciplines, parents separated and with unexampled partners, the possibility of epilepsy, refusal to do homework and getting into trouble at instruct. These discussions make a range of views on aetiology, the need for information possibly relating to develop and the nature of assessment and interventions. In general the contributing professionals showed a lust to hurl more information round each child and to interpret the impact of background elements on the difficulties existence observed although there was petty acknowledgement of why this information was needed (Farrugia, 2010).What is understood by social, delirious and behaviour difficulties (SEBD)?One of the overriding issues in the field of SEBD is the ambiguity in understanding and identification of individuals who may stomach social, emotional and behavioural difficulties with those who sop up less severe discipline c apers (Evan, Harden, Thomas 2004). This introduces the first difficulty as the decision to classify an individual as having SEBD is with the person who identifies some font of behaviour as problematic and is reliant on that persons constructs. Government publications pee provided several descriptions of which two are considered in this essay. In Circular 9/94 (DfE 1994) Emotional and Behavioural Difficulty (EBD) is described as world betweenbehaviour which challenges the teacher but is within normal, albeit unacceptable, bounds and that which is indicative of serious mental illness. The distinction between normal but unhappy behaviour, emotional and behavioural difficulties arising from mental illness is big be pillow slip each inevitably to be treated differently. (p.4)The definition focuses on the behavioural aspect preferably than emotional and indicates it is a problem for the teachers thereby restricting the difficulties to educational settings. interpretation of what may be considered unacceptable is therefore likely to result in inconsistent identification of the types of children teachers identify as having EBD (Soles, Bloom, Heath, Karagiannakis 2008). In The Special educational Needs (SEN) commandment of use (2001), the definition was amended to incorporate social difficulties and so expanded to social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD), the code defines those with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) asChildren and young people who demonstrate features of emotional and behavioural difficulties, who are withdrawn or isolated, disruptive and disturbing, hyperactive and lack concentration those with unvaned social skills and those presenting contend behaviours arising from other complex spare inescapably ( split up 760)This description describes a range of characteristics associated with this disorder and recognises that much(prenominal) behaviours can evolve from other special educational needs. This prese nts a broader spectrum of behaviours linked with emotional and social difficulties and remains open to the personal interpretation of those interacting with such children. The lack of clarity of the descriptors could be linked to the increasing number of children diagnosed as having SEBD creation recorded in English schools. In 2008 149,040 children had a need of EBD on school action plus or statemented at primary, secondary and special state funded schools, this was an increase of 6.98% year on year (DCSF 2008), EBD represented the second highest need after moderate tuition difficulties. This could be due to an certain increase in the number of children experiencing difficulties or to the wider interpretation of the definition principal to more children being recorded with this difficulty who might otherwise down remained at a school action stage. Whichever the reason, it is apparent that increasing number of children within the UK education system are being identified as havi ng a need of SEBD and this in turn has led to increasing focus on interventions in point for behavioural difficulties as seen in the recent white paper (DfE 2010). The descriptions given in Circular 9/94 (DfE 1994) and the SEN Code of Practice (2001) make no direct reference to aetiology or the necessity to acknowledge this although The SEN Code of Practise (2001) recognises that SEBD may require co-morbidity with other biological or checkup conditions (7.52, 7.53, 7.58) and links with mental health (10.27) in time focusing for specific assessment and interventions is non detailed. This could be seen as indicative of the lack of unity on the understanding of provokes and interventions for those with SEBD.Which theoretical perspective of lay down of SEBD?In 1829 a 20 year poet wrote these linesFrom childhoods hour I have not beenAs others were-I have not seenAs others saw-I could not bring forthMy passions from a common spring-From the same source I have not takenMy sorrow- I could not awakenMy heart to joy at the same tone-And all I lovd-I lovd alone(from Alone by Edgar totallyen Poe 1829)The poet was Edgar Allen Poe. Poe was taken into foster care at the age of 3 adjacent the conclusion of his parents and at the age of 6 his foster family moved to London. Poe was said to be talented donnishally yet a difficult character (Poe Museum n.d.) the poetry Alone suggests a troubled child who considers himself to be different. In todays educational climate he may well have been identified as a child with SEBD. Would an understanding of his early life have been of the essence(p) in development of successful interventions? From a behavioural perspective it could be suggested that only his noticeable difficult behaviour was of importance and indeed treatable. The causes could not be speculated upon as they could not be scientifically measured. Bowlby, from a psychodynamic get on might have disagreed Poes early childhood experiences, nigh notably the remnant of his parents and being taken into foster care, may have suppressed his cozy desires and drives leading to internal conflicts. Bowlby might have been interested in the repression of Poes feelings following the death of his parents (Bowlby 1988). An ecosystemic perspective may have considered the effects of the changes of the family systems and the move to a different society in England as impacting on his interactions with the systems around him.In a same vein, the web ground discussions of Ronnie and Vicki (Vygotsky, mule skinner and Montessori discussion group October 2010 November 2010) led to similar questions. In the case of Vicki, fellow professionals mostly concurred on the credence of an ecosystemic perspective for assessment ground on the information given concerning the breakdown of the systems in her life some believed that a psychodynamic tone-beginning to reach her unconscious processes and a biological perspective to examine the assertable epilepsy sh ould overly be considered. However, the intervention strategies proposed were ground on a humanistic get down rather than linked to the diagnostic perspectives. As noted early for the Ronnie discussion there appears little acknowledgement of why the information was needed and how information may link to interventions. In the case of Ronnie, discussions indicated that more information on areas such as his family background, his eruditeness difficulties, incidences of observed behaviour at school and the relationships within his family would be valuable in order to make a more informed recommendation for intervention strategies. This desire for more information showed an amalgamation of perspectives including social learning, psychodynamic and behavioural. Most interesting is that fellow professionals adopted a behavioural start to interventions in the absence of further information about Ronnie. It could be that this was within the realms of their experience of available strate gies in education.The question of which theoretical understanding of cause is the correct one cannot be fully answered. Professionals in the field of educational research tend to support a particular perspective there are differences of opinion between psychological, medical and sociological perspectives, this is further compounded by newer perspectives such as eco-systemic and humanist which have evolved from earlier theories. As Visser (2000) notes most do acknowledge that it is a categorization of perspectives which can provide insights into understanding and explaining that behaviour. (p.33). The trend for which cause can be seen in the changing descriptors given for SEBD as noted previously (DfE 1994 SEN Code of Practice 2001) and also in go aboutes to behavioural difficulties adopted by schools. The trend towards a behavioural psychology approach of operant conditioning and behaviour modification as a strategy for treating children with SEBD has been seen since 1975 (Cooper 1999). Children are seen as qualification a choice not to behave and through and through use of behavioural approaches such as consequence and reward they can be taught to indigence to behave so a new behaviour is learnt (Greene 2008). From this perspective, aetiology is not a considered factor and emphasis is on implementing a system of rewards and consequences which aim to reduce unacceptable behaviour and encourage a re-learning of acceptable behaviour.The screen approach of many behavioural policies, in part dictated to schools through government directives, suggest that policy makers and educationalists do not consider there is a need to understand causes of SEBD. Behaviour is assumed to be within the control of the child and the school is assumed to be able to enamour and change the behaviour. Recent years have seen a change in approach with prominence given to systemic approaches taking into account the interaction of systems and environments surrounding the child as key factors impacting on their social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (Evans, Harden and Thomas 2004). From this perspective there is a need to understand cause in terms of the environments of the individual. This was evident in the web based discussion on Vicki (Vygotsky, mule skinner and Montessori November 2010) where contributors were mostly united in adoption of an ecosystemic approach and attributed the cause of the difficulties to disruption in Vickis home and school life.Understanding the cause of the SEBD is essential before making a successful intervention.In the previous section a number of theoretical approaches to identifying cause were examined and it is think that there are difficulties in finding consensus on one approach and one understanding of cause. Despite the difference of opinions of the likely origins of the SEBD, there is widespread support of the need for understanding the cause. Visser (2005) is opposed to a prescriptive approach to dealing with beh avioural difficulties and frankincense supports the case for recognising that each child with SEBD may have a different cause of SEBD although he previously hold that there are still gaps in understanding of both causes and of approaches utilise in children with EBD (Visser 2002). Others in this field also advocate the turn a profits to teachers having understanding of pupils with SEBD Cole, Visser and Daniels (1999) in a paper examining effective EBD practices in mainstream schools promote the need for school staff to understand the complex causing and the varied aetiology of EBD in order to be able to match apposite interventions.Another stylus of considering cause is to examine underlying difficulties which may be causing SEBD, not from a theoretical perspective but from a possible medical or other difficulty so the behaviour is not instanter linked to a psychological or systemic root but rather from some other difficulty which leads to the behaviour emerging as a symptom. torment (2004) believes that a relationship exists between communication difficulties and emotional and behavioural difficulties. Communication difficulties may arise from biological causes such as Pervasive Development Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or from environmental factors such as child abuse and neglect, or from learning difficulties. Cross maintains that whatever the origin, it is the communication difficulty which must be addressed as a priority as weak communication skills can have a negative impact on a childs ability to interact and socialise, this can aggravate emotional and behavioural difficulties. In this sense the observed behavioural difficulties could be masking underlying communication difficulties which, if not treated, will not improve the behaviour. In the web discussion on Ronnie (Vygotsky, muleteer and Montessori discussion group October 2010) fellow professionals concurred that a link was likely between his possible learning difficulti es and his behavioural difficulties and that this should form a key part of any interventions.In his book, Lost At School, Greene (2008) maintains that teachers cannot know what to do with challenging behaviour unless the reasons for it are understood, referring to these reasons as lagging skills those skills which are lacking no matter of diagnosis. Staff need to identify and understand the skill lacking as this is pivotal to implementing a successful intervention. Greene (2008) lists many lagging skills, including difficulties with maintaining focus, considering likely effects, managing emotional responses, which professionals may attribute to a range of disorders such as learning difficulties, autistic spectrum disorder, cognitive difficulties, or anxiety. It is identification of the specific lagging skills which are of more importance than the actual diagnosis as the diagnostic label does not in itself indicate which skills are lacking. Emphasis should therefore be on identify ing the specific aspects which are lacking the lack of a skill on base an environment which demands these skills is the depart to there being a problem (Greene 2008). This is in line with an ecological perspective as the behaviour is an outcome of the lagging skill conflicting with the environment.Support for the importance of understanding aetiology is also found in educational guidance the School clear up and Pupil Behaviour Policies (DCSF 2010) advises that it is essential to ensure correct assessment of possible reasons for children not behaving detachly and acknowledges that behavioural difficulties may be caused by learning difficulties, environmental factors or other cognitive, social or emotional difficulties (paras 3.9.29 -3.9.33) yet a subsequent subheading is Pupils who can behave but guide not to (p.58). This takes the school back to the descriptors of SEBD and places interpretation back in a subjective framework where the school has to distinguish between the form er and the latter(prenominal). In much the same way as seen in the SEN Code of Practice (2001) there is a lack of clarity in how cause should be identified and how this knowledge should guide interventions.A recent report empower Not Present and Not Correct (Evans, 2010) examined the efficacy of unconquerable term exclusions in curing behavioural problems. The report concluded this was not an effective strategy based on the number of fixed term exclusions having change magnitude by 5.4% since 2003-4. Persistent disruptive behaviour was the reason for the majority of fixed term exclusions (23.3%) and permanent exclusions (29.6%) in 2008-9. These numbers have not shown substantive change year on year indicating that current interventions are not effective. The report recommends that a trigger is needed to prompt a needs assessment where fixed-term exclusions are used continually. to that degree, in the SEN Code of Practice (2001) this trigger should be happening for pupils who do not respond to standard behaviour management strategies or individualised behaviour management programme moving them to a School Action Plus stage. This could suggest that either appropriate referrals are not taking place or, if they are, the resulting interventions are not successful. If the latter is the case then it may indicate that either causes are not being considered or, if considered, are not leading to successful interventions.The American based Assertive Discipline approach to managing behaviour in schools is rooted in a behavioural perspective. A study by Jones and Smith (2004) concluded that the this approach was effective in improving minor mis-behaviour and led to overall benefits for teaching and learning in the school at the centre of the study yet, a small but significant group did not benefit from the approach. This group may therefore have required further modify assessment of the cause of their SEBD with individual strategies being put in place. This lends su pport to the necessity of understanding cause in those specific situations where the standard strategies busy in mainstream schools are not resolving social, emotional or behavioural difficulties. It also suggests that the importance of cause is not essential at initial stages of identification of behavioural difficulties, but may need to be understood if current intervention strategies are not achieving the desired outcome.A key factor in identifying the cause of the SEBD lies in the choice of the perspective adopted. As seen in the web based discussions for Vicki (Vygotsky, Skinner and Montessori November 2010) causes could be attributed to several aspects of the individuals life. Depending on the approach taken, the diagnosis and intervention will vary which means that successful intervention cannot be guaranteed. Overall, whilst there is much debate and research on causality and at the same time growing emphasis on the rise in behavioural difficulties in the class path, classro om based research for children with SEBD tends not to link theory to identification, policy and effective interventions (Maras and Kutnick 1999).Understanding the cause of the SEBD is not essential before making a successful intervention.All perspectives consider cause to some extent although a behavioural approach is founded mainly on observed behaviour. There is little research advocating that identifying cause is not essential or important in terms of implementing interventions. The argument against the value of understanding cause is mainly one of whether knowing the cause can actually lead to a specific and effective intervention. Whilst Visser (2002) advocates the importance of understanding cause, it has proved difficult to find evidence which gives clear guidance for a link between cause and effective intervention strategies. In discussing the Individual, Medical or Deficit Model (IMD), Macleod and Munn (2004) suggest that the implication of causation should be rejected whic h is the reverse of the consideration of disabilities with a bio-medical root. This view is based on the belief that the biggest difficulty in identifying cause is the lack of agreement in what SEBD actually is, as seen in the earlier discussion on the interpretations of definitions. It could be argued that focus should be on strategies and not on cause as interpretations of the cause are too subjective.The web based discussions on Ronnie and Vicki, despite consisting of differing views for diagnosis and cause, saw a commonality in the recommendations for a multi agency approach. This is also seen in Diagram 8 model (Cole, Visser and Daniels1999) in which consultation with the Local Education Authority (LEA) and relevant agencies, such as Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), is seen as an important factor in schools which are successful in the inclusion of children with SEBD. Whilst Visser (2005) has been cited earlier as an advocate of the need to understand aetiolo gy, in a bubble based on a term he encountered in his professional work, eternal verities, he looked at factors which may be universal in implementation of successful interventions for SEBD (Visser, 2002). Understanding cause of the SEBD was not a factor given which lends support to the view that, whilst understanding cause may be desirable and informative, there are more important factors necessary for successful intervention. Only a third of secondary schools were deemed as effective in meeting the needs of pupils with SEBD (Ofsted 2004), which suggests that focus should be on identifying effective strategies. research carried out by Evans, Harden, Thomas (2004) concluded that there was a trammel evidence base of recommended strategies which were effective for children with EBD and they recommended a focus for more strategical commissioning of future primary research (p.8).In the case of Ronnie (Vygotsky, Skinner and Montessori discussion group October 2010), there was a quest to know more from those assessing the situation. Was it not enough that his behaviour was disruptive and so class room based behavioural strategies should be put in place to make Ronnie learn appropriate behaviour? The answer in this case seems to lie in the understanding of cause. If Ronnie had a learning difficulty, there was support for this being addressed first/or in conjunction with the behaviour interventions. If it then emerged that Ronnie was having problems at home, such as parental conflict or neglect, this may have required another form of intervention. In the case of Vicki (Vygotsky, Skinner and Montessori discussion group November 2010) there was more information on her background situation this meant some probable causes could be explored which could then lead to a range of possible interventions. Having more information still led to a discussion on which perspective may be more applicable and in fact the interventions proposed were mostly similar to those for Ronnie . Although the participants suggestions for interventions for Ronnie tended to be school based whereas those discussed for Vicki were both within school and outside with a wider multi agency approach.Professionals such as teachers, educational psychologists, CAHMS practitioners and behaviour support specialists will all bring their own approaches to the SEBD table. It could be that attempts to understand the cause through a multi-agency strategy may lead to disjointed and confusing interventions at worst and a prolonged period of assessments and treatments at best, neither of which presents an ideal situation for a child (Rayner 1999). The range of interpretations, social constructs and perspectives makes a case for a scientific approach to developing interventions for children with SEBD. The aetiology is acknowledged but it is the present characteristic patterns which are the key to successful interventions.Conclusion Is it essential to understand the cause of an individuals socia l, emotional and behavioural difficulties making a successful intervention?In seeking an answer to this question, much of the published research advocates the need to essay the cause of SEBD before implementing intervention thereby assuming the intervention will be more successful. The difficulty in this belief is twofold foremost the definition of what constitutes social, emotional and behaviour difficulties and in particular at what point the severity requires specific interventions and secondly, which perspectives should be adopted to correctly identify the cause(s) and thus which interventions are most suitable.With the definition of SEBD including a wide range of characteristics, it seems most likely that there is also a wide range of causes and thus a wide range of interventions. Most evidence supports the desire to inquire and define the cause this is also reflected in government and SEN policy and guidelines. Yet evidence to support the importance of this in securing succe ssful intervention is sparse. Overall, whilst the need to understand the cause seems to be supported in research and advocated in government guidelines, the interventions put in place within educational settings are predominantly based on a behavioural approach where it is the observable behaviour which is addressed, measured and evaluated this is where an anomaly exists.Over time, more responsibility and responsibility has been awarded to schools and local authorities for children with SEN including SEBD. This in itself appears to have reduced the focus on understanding cause as schools have to manage this responsibility alongside government directives for improving behaviour in schools. With increasing emphasis on schools primary accountability being for student achievement in academic terms and the move to reduce the number of statements, there is likely to be less emphasis on aetiology in favour of interventions based on controlling children with SEBD certainly in mainstream e ducation. The current governments support of academies may also magnify this as the removal of local authority interlocking means that schools can decide whether there is economic value in seeking input from agencies that may have more concern with aetiology.It may be that there are other factors necessary in implementing successful strategies aside from understanding cause such as the necessity for a positive ethos within the school itself (Cole, Visser, Daniels 1999). It is concluded that understanding the cause of an individuals SEBD is part of the equation for successful intervention but unless the adults responsible acknowledge the cause and seek to promote appropriate and differentiated solutions which can be be to be successful, then understanding on its own is not sufficient.

Adverse effects of flood in Pakistan

Adverse exits of gorge in PakistanExe skimive SummaryThe Flood of 2010 which touched nearly 20 atomic number 53 thousand thousand mickle in Pakistan directly and left them home little beget been the scald breakpouring that Pakistan and the world has ever tallyn.The query was conducted on the subject of ominous effects of natural spring in Pakistan and how it has touched our husbandry, banks, economy, imports and exports. The interrogation was basically searching in nature in which we ga thered articles from various institutions, organizations and newspapers. There is so practically material avail subject on the topic that it became a dis identifye for us to re principal(prenominal) specific and to the point. One more(prenominal) problem was that ascribable to many sources there were a clash in the facts realizes so we discombobulate taken disclose the reliable resources in order to make it less confusing.The research concluded that the alluvial sediment has caused unprecedented devastation to Pakistans economy, floriculture, infrastructure, imports/exports and above all, to piece lives and dignity. Not only 20 gazillion book to be give food and shelter only when for the long term the organisation and the hatful baffle to create jobs so that they can stand on their proclaim feet again.IntroductionNatural Disaster is the effect of natural hazards which includes rising tide, tornado, volcano eruption, earthquake or worldly concernslide that affects the environment, resolvents to financial, environmental and/or human losings. It is terrible incident that is non caused by human activity and results in deaths, injuries or maltreat to property. The resulting injury depends on the expertness of the population to support or suffer the disaster, and their resilience. This perceptive is c at one clipnt identifyd in the formulation disasters occur when hazards receive picture .A natural hazard lead hence never result in a natural disaster in field of ope symme seens without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in unpopulated aras. The term natural has therefore been disputed because the counterbalancets simply atomic number 18 not hazards or disasters without human involvement. Natural disasters which occur due to the switch of nursing home tectonics argon earthquakes, volcanoes, geyser eruptions and tsunami. These different types of natural disasters put on taken away one million millions of lives and reach caused trillions of dollars in terms of financial losses.The modern submerge in Pakistan was one of the worst natural disasters in Pakistans history and in worlds history. It was one of the biggest disasters that the world rush ever experienced not in terms of death but in terms of plenty stirred, bea touch on and in terms of financial losses that occurred. Almost one- 8th of the population was directly impact by glut. The fill ups that freshly caused great slander to P akistan had more stupor than the connect impact of tsunami in 2004, Haiti earthquake in 2010 and Earthquake of 2005 that affected northern areas of Pakistan. The affected quite a little in these combine three disasters were or so 11 million people but in the youthful flood affected around 20 million people crossways Pakistan.Pakistan has experienced floods and the details of those floods are deliver the goodsd belowFlood in September 1992 affected 12 million peopleFlood in August 1992 affected 6 million peopleFlood in August 1976 affected 5 million peopleFlood in July 1978 affected 2.2 million peopleFlood in July 1995 affected 1.2 million peopleThe Flood of 2010 which affected around 20 million people in Pakistan directly and left them homeless catch been the worst flood that Pakistan and the world stick ever seen. Only eight million out of 20 million people were affected in the province of Punjab. It has caused one million millions of dollars losses to Pakistans economy, husbandry, imports etc. harmonise to World rim and Asian information Bank the sparing impact of novel flood is estimated as much as 43 million dollars.TopicAdverse effects of floods in Pakistan. partThis map is highlighting the flood affected areas from severe (red) to moderate (orange).CDocuments and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopuntitled.bmpPurpose StatementTo determine the ill effects of fresh floods in Pakistan.Research QuestionsHow the recent has floods affected Pakistan?Sub-Research QuestionHow has the floods affected our kitchen-gardening?How has the floods affected the banks?How has the floods affected our economy?How has the floods affected our Imports and Exports?HypothesisThe recent floods make an adverse affect on our economy.LITERATURE REVIEWEffect on floriculture farming field have been the mainstaybone of the Pakistans economy and Pakistan is k at one timen as market-gardening based country. gibe to the facts provide by the nutrition and husbandry Organiza tion (FAO), agribusiness is one of the main empyrean of Pakistans economy employing more than 42% of the labor force and accounts to 23% of the gross domestic product (Gross Domestic Product). The recent floods did not only led to human loss but had a large impact on the market-gardening firmament directly. It sunk many crops and over an estimated area of 1.38 million acres were affected due to recent flood of 2010.Pakistans study crops are like, shuck and sieve. Wheat is one of the cardinal prove of Pakistan has been severely damaged in the flood. accord to the information provided by Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live course shows and we paraphrasePunjab 44,896 tonnesKhyber Pukhtunkhwa 80,823 tonnesSindh 5,41,696 tonnesBalochistan 321, 651 tonnesThe above facts stated by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Live persuade shows that fundamental of 0.6 million tones of straw has been damaged throughout the county and major places that were affected were parts of Sindh and Balochistan but the government is taking out positives from these flood that is they think that these flood would lead to more conceptive land and that would lead to bumper crop in glide path course of study in the flood- affected regions. gibe to analysis done by Dr. Abdul Rashid, Member Monitoring and Evaluation, Punjab Agriculture Board, he told Dawn.com and we reference This deep layer leave alone result in well-behaved yields in the coming yrs.According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and stemma Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood general effect for land go forth be beneficial.Dr Abdul Rashid further said and we quote The floods provide recharge the piddle in the soil and underground water resources impart join on.According to another expert Dr Shamsuddin Tunjo, professor at the stave of Crop Production at the Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam is of the opnion and we quote Plain lands w fringeethorn benefit in the ter ms of fertility the floods erode away loaded layers of soil and if water stands for a long time in the land, the undermentioned lenifys crop may not be grown.CDocuments and SettingsFaizanaliDesktopp09_24420661.jpgThis picture surely tells us what has happened to our agriculture land.According to the Facts Stated by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which works under the United community OrganizationIt is near impossible to measure the gravity of losses to the agriculture sector as they are huge and further unfolding.Almost 80% people in the flood affected areas rely on agriculture for their livelihood and they see it as their main source of incomeOne of the toughest task that the farmers will have to face is to recover their land in time when the new season initiates in September/ October.Overall throughout the country millions of people have lost their entire style to sustain themselves in the immediate and overnight term, all this is due to the destruction/ damage o f standing crops and means of agriculture production.According to FAO although they have completed in half of all flood affected districts shows that 1.3 million hectares of standing crops have been damaged.According to their statistics 0.5-0.6 million tones of wheat stock have been affected.According to their Livestock Department recent flood caused death of 1.2 large and small animals, and 6 million poultry.With the mensuratement unbosom taking place, the losses are going to affect millions directly and indirectly and will have the direct impact on the countrys GDP as these crops would have to be imported to find out the countrys demand for wheat and strain. resolution to needs in the agriculture sector cannot be ignored nor delayed.According to their estimates standing crops on over 10,000 hectares have been washed away and about 8000 livestock have been destroyed in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province alone.The worst affected districts are Swat, Nowshera, Charsadda, Shangla and Koh istan. Nowshera and Charsadda are the most fertile areas in the country producing sorting of crops.Wheat is the main staple in Pakistan, fulfilling just about 35% of the come per capita calorie requirement in 2008. This year in Pakistan a scan harvest took place for wheat around 23.4 million tones precedent to flood, the flood water result in serious losses of wheat stocks that were held at household level. The loss of wheat can have a controvert impact on the planting of nigh season which will begin in October/November because the flood have caused loss of seeds, fertilizers, livestock and savings.According to their estimates 1.2 million livestock and 6 million poultry have perished. One of the main reason that this figure is so high is because when people were rescued during the recent flood people did not take their animals with them and opted to save their life. The major argufy faced by different agencies working in Pakistan during this flood was to provide food to anim als who survived as the supply was very limited and they face operose task of transporting this food supply as majority of infrastructure was too destroyed. The United Nation has appealed for emergency assistant of $ 5.7 million for livestock.A encompassing(prenominal) look has been done by CASSIM Investments (PVT) LTD (18 Aug 2010)They have identified major crops that have been affected due to recent flood in Pakistan and they have presumptuousness details of damages incurred by different crops.Cotton It has been worst hit crop, as according to initial estimates we have lost as much as 2 million bales. This will direct impact on our textile industry and will lead to import of cotton. This will put pressure on our period account shortage and lead to calumny of our currency.Wheat According to them , they estimate they due to recent flood that have damaged wheat badly will lead to wheat famine which is main staple in Pakistan.rice Pakistan is one of the main rice exporter in the world and they estimate that Pakistan might not be able to meet its tooshie of rice exports this year as they expect losses in crop as well. This will result in loss of foreign exchange and widening of current account deficit dirty money They have estimated a loss of 500,000 tonnes of sugar call master, approximately 2-3% of the sugar cane demand. They believe it will have minimum impact on the accessibility of refined sugar.Effect on EconomyThe congressional research enshroud that was present to the congress member on recent flood in Pakistan stated the economic effects of floods. According to them it is too early to assess the damage caused by flood and it can only be assessed once the water goes away to examine the extent of damage caused to crops, housing, roads and bridge, galvanizing grid and other small elements to its economic recovery. According to the preliminary sagaciousness done by the Asian Development Bank and FAO shows that around 14% of cultivated land has been affected by floods, that resulted in loss of 25% of the cotton crop and some other crops, Pakistan has too lost 1% of its livestock and there is danger of this percentage rising due to kick in shortages and lack of veterinary care after the flood waters recede.The broader effect of flood can also be felt with price of domesticated items soaring and creating high inflation. In addition to this government spending on fireman activities is going to widen the fiscal deficit.According to United Nation Organization it estimates that the recent flood will increment Pakistans fiscal deficit expenditures by $4 one thousand million in fiscal year 2010/11. A preliminary evaluation reported submitted to the Pakistans ministry of finance has estimated that there will be zero percent GDP increase and 25% inflation this year. The figure shows that Pakistan is going to face tough challenges ahead in year 2010/11 because the object glasss organise by the IMF (International monetary fund) varied with these figures. IMF set a target of 4.5% GDP growth and with 9% inflation. The long-term economic effects are not easy to assess. According to one source, repairing damaged infrastructure that includes roads, bridges and dames would cost Pakistan whopping $15 billion. There are 44 critical factors that will hamper the speed of Pakistans economic progress over the nigh few years. Now Pakistan which is already face tough challenges since 2008 has the lowest TAX-GDP ratio in the world with figures accounting to 8-9 %. The World Bank and the Asian Development have agreed to give loanwords $ 1 billion and $2 billion respectively but they have also attached stops to these loans. The IMF which have provided loan of $ 10-11 billion have asked Pakistan to freshen its monetary policy and fiscal policy. They have set targets for Pakistan and prior to these floods Pakistan have failed to achieve some of the targets set by the International Monetary fund. The IMF set conditi on of lowering fiscal deficit to 5.1 % during this year temporary hookup Pakistan go throughed this limit and had a fiscal deficit of 6.2 % of the GDP, now that flood have occurred it looks impossible that Pakistan would be able to meet the targets set by IMF. Pakistan have to pay back the loan to IMF by 2012/13 and it would cost the country $3 billion per year. Pakistan external debt has already amounted to $55.5 billion which is 56% of the GDP. These figures are a prove that Pakistan which is already unable to meet the requirements set by the world-wide donors will find it impossible to meet the target after the recent flood that have moved Pakistan decades back.According to CASSIM INVESTMENTS (PVT) LTDThey have stated that since the entire infrastructure have been badly destroyed specially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and some areas of Punjab. All this will have to lay down to revive economic activity and thus this has forced the government to misfortune down is Public Sector Devel opment Program by almost 50 % this means that all the development projects which were taking place in order to improve the economy have now been stopped and the cash have been shifted towards the flood affected areas.They have also stated that the imports of goods for relief purpose will widen the current account deficit. Foreign help will help the country in the short term, but will constrict the amount of PSDP available with the financial cost burden in the future. A current account shortage will cause devaluation of the currency, which is approbative for sectors for exports but if we see in our country it will have oppose impact because depreciation would result in high inflation alter Pakistans fiscal policy and monetary policy.According to an article in periodic Times on August 29 2010 it states that and we quote government activity of Pakistan will revise its economic growth targets and major budget projections in citation with International Monetary Fund (IMF), official sources informed here on Saturday.Damage caused to the backbone of the economy the agriculture sector of is provisionally estimated at Rs 244.6 billion and losses due to the damage to the infrastructure and private and reality properties are estimated to be around Rs 600 billion in all quaternion provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan.Consultation on revision in macro-economic targets is to be taken during the on-going fifth re clear of Pakistans economy with IMF authorities at Washington. Economic growth targets and major budget projections for the 2010-13 were approved under the spiritualist Term budgetary Framework for the near three years, however, the floods have changed the entire scene on the economic landscape of the country that requires major revision.Devastation caused by the floods across the country has seriously damaged the main sectors of economy especially the agriculture sector and Pakistans development priorities have changed and a major portio n of resources are beingness planned to divert towards rehabilitation of flood affecters. Recent floods across the country have caused devastations worth Rs 244.6 billion in the agriculture sector with maximum damage suffered by the small farmers who have faced a loss of around Rs 98 billion, some facing total decomposition of their crops.While on the other hand, Finance Ministry has convened an important meeting, to re construe appoint macroeconomic indicators of the country following devastation of floods.Sources said that meeting of the Medium Term Budgetary Framework (MTBF) being held at Ministry of Finance would review the rolling targets of primeval macroeconomic indicators for the next three years, which were unveiled in the budget. They recent floods have changed the economic priorities of the country and budgetary targets have extend totally irrelevant on the face of massive displacement caused by worst ever floods in the history of the country. This information is ju dge to be shared with IMF during talks currently underway in Washington that would incubate till September 2.Growth target of 4.5 percent for 2010-11 was to reach 5 percent in 2011-12 and 5.5 percent for 2012- 2013 under the MTBF. Sources said that growth target for the current fiscal year as well as for the next two years would have to be revised because of the devastating floods whose impact on economy would stick for the next few years. Inflation was targeted to be brought down to 9.5 per cent in the ongoing fiscal year and 8 and 7 percent for 2011-12 and 2012-13 respectively. These targets have become irrelevant and would be readjusted in view of the present situation the same is the case with revenue solicitation targets. The governments revenue collection targets of 15.2 percent of the GDP for the ongoing fiscal year and 15.5 and 15.9 percent for the next two years respectively are improbable to be met.http//msnbcmedia.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_production/ss-1 00730-Pakistan-floods/ss-100819-Pakistan-floods-03.ss_full.jpgOne of the many industries drowned in the flood.Dr. Amjad Waheed, CFA, Chief administrator Officer of NBP Fullerton Asset commission Limited(Formerly National Fullerton Asset Management Limited) has scripted an in depth article on the countrys economic condition and has project the future trends in our economy.Highlights are given below.Total losses estimated at 5.8% of GDP. Around 15% of the Pakistani population has been affected by the floods. According to some initial estimates agricultural losses may exceed Rs 250 billion whereas infrastructure losses may exceed Rs 600 billion. Thus total estimated losses of around US$10 billion will passable 5.8%of Pakistans GDP.Economic Growth rate expected to be subdued. We expect agriculture sector to show a invalidating growth, and industry and service sector to grow by about 3%. We project corporate allowance to switch off by 14% over the next four quarters, down from our previous estimates of 18%growth.Fiscal dearth is expected to balloon to 7.5% of GDP in FY11. The slowdown in economy as a result of the floods will make tax collection target of Rs 1.7 trillion passing difficult to achieve. On the other hand, government expenditures are expected to rise substantially to re-build the infrastructure in the floods-affected areas and rehabilitate the effected families. Domestic Government borrowing in the form of Treasury Bills and National Savings Schemes is also expected to rise substantially. In the months of July and August 2010, the Government Treasury Bills stock has already risen by about Rs 137 billion. This will also slip away to crowd out the private sector. As a result, the budget deficit is estimated to cross 7.5% of GDP in FY11.Inflation and Interest Rates are expected to rise further. The imposition of value added tax from October, damage to crops from floods, projected rise in utility prices and expected additional taxes to support p eople affected with floods may result in inflation rising to around 15% in FY11.Stock Market cognitive process expected to remain lackluster in FY11. Floods are expected to have a minus impact on the banking industry, auto industry and oil marketing companies, at least in the short run. In the remaining period of FY11 the stock market may not be able to show a double digit growth from the current levels. The Margin Trading System, even if implemented, is not going to make a significant difference to the performance of the Pakistani stock market, in my opinion, as the economic and political basics will take time to improve.Trade and Current Account Deficit are expected to Rise. Pakistans exports will suffer due to damage to the key crops and textile sector resulting from floods, as well as power dearth and high inflation. Pakistans imports, on the other hand, are expected to show an increase due to import of around 2-3 million bales of cotton and food products.Investors are advise d to remain conservative and prefer money market bills relative to equity bullion for the time being.Effect on BanksThe Moodys investor services changed the long-term local anaesthetic currency deposit ratings and bank financial expertness ratings of the big-5 banks from stable to negative, said Muniba Saeed, an analyst at Invest Capital, here Saturday. The change in the outlook of the banks was driven mainly by the impact of flood giving rise to economic challenges.The food shortage and rising enter prices will further hinder the corporate sectors recovery due to the slowdown in the economic growth and inflationary pressures.The rating agency expects that higher(prenominal) input prices would lead to a loss of competitiveness in authorized export-oriented sectors, especially textiles.According to data from the State Bank of Pakistan, the banking sector video to textiles as of June stood at eight per cent of the total moving picture, however, the banking sector exposure to c umulative textiles and the crop growing category of agriculture stood at 11 per cent of the total, or Rs635 billion.As textiles being the highest borrower in the manufacturing sector, such dependency are likely to dent the sectors profitability, owing to increased provisioning requirement and answer increased probability of the non- playing loans.The banks non-performing loans (NPLs) have grown to an alarming level of Rs456 billion by March this year on the back of a slew economy, according to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). The increasing NPLs are squeezing the kale of the banks, as they are required under the prudential regulations to make furnish against their bad debt.National Bank of Pakistan, the lender with the highest delinquency ratio, faces an increase in loan failures after the worst flooding in the countrys history damaged farmland in areas where the bank lends.Syed Ali Raza, the banks president, said in an interview in Karachi, There will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it has refreshful farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availableness of water in the next season.Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to immortalise growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent declivity in National Banks profit in 2010.Muhammad Imran, head of research at Arif Habib Investment Ltd. in Karachi said The flood losses and the discount rate rise may limit the ability of borrowers to return loans. Banks may be asked to reschedule and ease terms.The central bank said in an e-mailed narration Given the likely impact of t he recent floods, ongoing challenging economic environment, power shortages and security situation in the country, the increased portfolio of non- performing loans and heightened reference book risk remain the major challenge for the banking system.Effects on the Imports/ExportsThe recent floods in Pakistan have badly affected the Pakistans economy. The floods as caused a general destruction badly affecting the infrastructure, the farmlands and many industries.The floods have caused destruction to cotton, wheat and rice crops extensively thereby affecting the exports of finished products such as textile, and also raw material such as rice and cotton bales.According to the USDA Report, Due to the devastating floods, Post revises its 2010/11 rice production estimates for Pakistan to 4.4 MMT, a decrease of 32%. Pakistani rice exports for 2010/11 are similarly reduced to an estimated 2.3 MMT, a crash of 36%. Rice is Pakistans second largest export product and the reduction in rice ex ports is expected to have implications for its balance of payments.However the figures given for cotton are bleaker, as before Pakistan used to export cotton but now this year Pakistan is forced to import cotton from India and other countries to meet its own local demand and also in order to fulfill the export orders.According to Fibre to Fashion (a leading textile news website), More than one million bales of cotton crops have been destroyed, and the Government is not in the capacity to achieve its target of 14 million bales of annual production. Due to this, Pakistan, being Asias fourth largest producer of cotton is likely to fall back by 10-15% of its cotton production.Incessant downpour has damaged the fields in Piplan Layyah, Mianwali, and Mithankot. Regions in the Central Punjab such as Rajanpur, Lyia, Rahimyar Khan, and DG Khan were seriously affected losing thousands of bales of cotton crop. Areas of Ghotki, Daherki, Sukkar, and Naushehro Feroz, Bhakkar, Jhang, Shorkot, and Mianwali were also affected by floods.This devastation has badly affected the Pakistani industry as well, and the destruction would also create difficulties as the raw material would not be available however there are some positive feelings that the cotton would be imported with already huge shipments in line and that would help in meeting the international export orders. Also Pakistan has been able to achieve concessions from EU for exporting its produce with lesser duties thereby giving a lifeline to the industrial sector.methodological analysisOur research is totally based on collection of data through articles, interviews and reports. We have found articles and reports on internet that have been previously written on this topic. We have collected facts and figures from websites of NGOs, Social welfares and government. We have conducted interviews with the NGOs and the welfare organizations to try to get the answers of our research incredulitys. One of our group member also went to the affected places to try to know the ground situation. We have divided our research question into four categories and found their answers individually as well. We have gathered around 40 articles and from that we have shortlisted 17 articles.AnalysisIf we take into account the data above we can just analyze that Pakistans economy and other sectors have been adversely affected by the recent flood. It is not a wisplike statements but we have will proved it with facts and figures that although the recent flood have some positive impact as well but the negative effects over weigh the positive effect of recent flood of 2010.According to the statements given by Ali Raza the president of National bank of Pakistan says and we quoteThere will certainly be some impact on non-performing loans. The impact will be containable but it will be there. He continued, While there were immediate losses from floods largely in the agriculture sector, there is a positive side to the disaster as it h as brush up farmland across the country. The yield from those farms is likely to improve with better, more fertile soil and availability of water in the next season.He is of the view that yes banks will be facing tough time in coming future but the agriculture sector can take out some positives from this flood that is more fertile land means bumper crop. The availability of water and more fertile soil will benefit the farmers in the long run, at the same time he was of the view that banks will start having a impact of the flood next year means start of 2011 when people would be unable to pay their loans and percentage % of non- performing loans will increase. So this shows that one sector of the economy will have to face tough time in near future while the other sector can take out some positives from the recent flood.According to former Federal Minister for Food Agriculture and Livestock Khair Muhammad Junejo, he said and we quote Flood overall effect for land will be beneficial.T his also shows that the former minister is of the view that yes then flood have caused damages to farmland in this year but it will have a positive impact in the next year with more fertile land and with availability of water.Abdul Shakur, a research analyst at BMA Capital Management Ltd. in Karachi said With around 25 percent of its total lending to agriculture related business, it will be a real challenge for National Bank to annals growth in profit, He estimates a 22 percent decline in National Banks profit in 2010This statement shows that Abdul Shakur who is one of the experts is of the view that this flood will not only harm agriculture sector but the banking sector as well because banking sector relies heavily on the agriculture sector with quarter of its loans are being given to agriculture sector.When the National Bank of Pakistan will be facing tough time showing profit this means all the other banks will have a much larger impact if the agriculture fails to pay back thei r loans.The United Nation organization estimates that the recent flood will increase Pakistans fiscal deficit by 4$ billion that means with the current exchange rate Pakistan fiscal deficit will increase by 350 billion rupees. Pakistan who is already face challenges because of their war on terror and does not look good economy wise. Their targets set by IMF were 5.1 % of the GDP for fiscal deficit but they exceeded these targets by more than one percent and achieved 6.2% prior to these flood. This flood will not make things better for Pakistan but worsenedAccording to the Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani the government have decided to cut their PSDP (Public Sector Development Projects) by 50 % this means that from 650 billion government will only utilize around 325 billion and the rest of the funds wil

Chocolate Brand Expansion into India

Chocolate Brand elabo targetness into IndiaSubmitted by Sanjay SharmaWhittakers is a unsanded Zealand based cocoa company, owned and operated by Whittakers family since 1896. This chocolate shuffle is one of the to the highest degree popular and trus twainrthy marque in the sphere, all the products are made in their own mill located in Wellington. The company exports its chocolate products to countries like Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Middle eastern hemisphere and so on.This evaluation report targets India as its inter demesneal mart, counselling on possibilities of international business trade for Whittakers chocolate brand. epitome through market research abets a business to understand the kind of the products and services that peck help an organization to earn profit and run across customers expectations.PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis is a popular business tool engage to understand the external operators that deal affect a business or an organization, say, political or economical factors.Political factorsIndiaIndia, one of the worlds largest democracies functions through a federal government. The business environment in the agricultural gets affected by multifarious factors say governments policies, ideologies and interests of political figures. The political environment in the country potentiometer be considered cyclic as the elections are conducted in either few years and there are chances that the selected political party can be different from the previously elected one. novel Zealand newborn Zealand traces res publica strongly creating an environment to business steadily. Here the political system is immutable however the Queen supremacies but the government rules. The country offers a substantiative tax guidelines for investing and growing a business.ObservationBoth the countries follow democracy system of government, though India has a huge commonwealth so the chances prediction of political environment gets really tou gh. Beca drop of re-election process the political factor is least predictable as the rules and regulations can be changed or updated for up mobility.Economic factorsIndia25 years ago, India embarked on a journey of economic liberalization, opening its doors to globalization and market forces. According to a report by International Monetary Fund, the countrys gross domestic product is said to grow by 7.4 pct in the year 2016-17, which will sterilize it the fastest-growing large economy in the world. (Madgavkar, 2016)New ZealandSocial factorsIndiaA pleasant arrangement of increasing disposable incomes, changing standard of living and a unfledged populations rising appetency for indulgence has transformed the country as the fastest growing chocolate market globally. The chocolate industry in India is growing nearly by 20% either year. (Karnik, 2015)India hold a majority proportion of young people, according to CIA, median age in India was 27.3 years in 2015.Indias urban ranges ma ke a noteworthy commitment to the nations economy. Albeit short of what 33% of Indias population live in urban communities and towns, these zones produce to a greater extent than 66% of the nations GDP and record for 90% of the administrations incomes. Accordingly, urban territories have been developing quickly, with a unharmed inundation from the rustic populace.New ZealandNew Zealands economy is greatly reliant on exchange with different nations. Change in outside point may knead the nations monetary circumstance. The nation has bring down disbursement in RD exercises bringing about outside reliance for natural innovation. New Zealand has distinctive culture right like the significantly Christian govern religion. Along these lines, amid Christmas and different celebrations, New Zealand is altogether extraordinary, for example, utilization and imports of nourishments and refreshment and electronic contraptions increment amid merry season. Future rate is progressively and death rate is low in New Zealand which is useful for nation however not consider so great at association forthcoming in light of the fact that in New Zealand, after retirement, without doing any discipline individuals get annuity, tip subsidize till long time which influence organization benefit.Technological factorsIndiaThere has been huge sustainable change in technological sphere of influence in India, the number of institutions has increased within foregone years in the country. Also there is easy availability of 3G and 4G electronic network in most places in the country.Considering total number of startups including twain tech and non tech areas the country. As far as aggregate number of new businesses, including both tech and non-tech regions, India again figured among the five biggest has on the planet, on base China (10,000). IT center point Bengaluru is host to 26 for each cent of household tech new businesses, trailed by Delhi NCR (23 for every penny) and Mumbai (17 for each penny). In the do up for lost time class were Hyderabad (8 for each penny), Chennai and Pune (6 for every penny each). (PTI, 2016)New ZealandThe country has made noteworthy development in numerous technological products. India is one of the largest and fastest growing economy globally, the country represents enormous chances for line of work and is a significance association for the New Zealand Government.The innovation area is New Zealands quickest developing part and backings a huge number of employments. Sends out have multiplied in the tendency of recent years and are currently worth more than $6 billion. Inside this, the advanced economy and the weightless division is currently assessed to be worth $1.3 billion. It is the nations third biggest fare worker behind dairy and tourism and addresses each other real market section. (Macleod)Legal and Environmental factorsIndiaAn arrant(a) lawful and administrative system has made it feasible for business elements in India to f lourish. Later vote out changes, for example, the usage of VAT, have been fruitful and have spread out aberrant duty accumulations in the nation. The fund service has proposed the execution of the educate Tax Code (DTC), which means to extend charge pieces and negate the dissimilar assessment exceptions that are at present set up. Merchandise and enterprises charge (GST), a far reaching backhanded tax collection framework, is overly anticipated that would be executed in the close term. Changes in both direct and aberrant duties would supplement the administration assess income considerably by extending the expense base instead of expanding the expense rates. (MarketLine)New ZealandIndia is the s flushth biggest nation on the planet, and Asias second biggest country, with a zone of 3,287,263 sq. km. In spite of having just 2.5% of the worlds property range, India represents 7-8% of comprehensively recorded species. The nation is among the 12 uber biodiversity areas of the world, which are judge to be home to 60-70% of worldwide biodiversity. India has almost 2,400 known types of creatures of land and water, fowls, change blooded creatures, and reptiles, of which 18.4% are boundless. Of these, 10.8% are debilitated. The nation is home to almost 19,000 types of vascular plants, of which 26.8% are endemic. There are a huge number of advantages of biodiversity including solutions, mechanically skillful materials, and the arrangement of environmental administrations. (MarketLine)In 2011 Prime Minister John mark propelled the NZ Inc. India Strategy, an arrangement for India to wind up distinctly a center exchange, fiscal and political accomplice for New Zealand. The NZ-India FTA is a significant stride toward accomplishing that objective.New Zealand and India as of now appreciate a solid relationship. India was New Zealands one-tenth biggest exchanging accomplice in the year to June 2016, with aggregate exchange products and enterprises worth more than NZ$2. 5 billion. Fares to India were worth NZ$1.7 billion (NZ$656 million in products, NZ$1 billion in administrations) with imports worth NZ$821 million (NZ$591 million in merchandise, NZ$230 million in administrations). much than 10,000 Indian understudies came to ponder in New Zealand in 2015, and another 35,000 Indian vacationers went by that year. There are well more than 100,000 Indian nationals indweller in New Zealand. (New Zealand-India FTA, n.d.)There are certain possible benefits to this agreement, it can pretend an improved access in the Indias enormous market focusing on the developing middle class and also it will create vast opportunity in various New Zealands service sector say, tourism, environmental. legitimate clashes like competitors like Cadbury and other well settled brand can be faced.Moreover vegetable fats can be a content for chocolates internationally but in India doing so is not permitted. Certain number of companies have faced issues as they did not fir the Indian standard requirements.Social MediaInternet systems administration is incredibly being utilised these daylights. Online headways ought to be conceivable by method for Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Blogger and so forth. We can make web diaries, we can make page on Facebook and Twitter. This will help us to exhibit our things among youth masses. Posting progressions on goals that get vanquish human affiliation is one approach to manage get the countersignature out about your business, for example, we can use Facebook having broadcasting programs with headways only fitted to a specific measurement masses. These promotions appear to be recently adjacent profiles that meet the inspirations driving your things objective business section. In like way, we can use Google AdWords association to post online advertisements this organization is extraordinarily to post advancements.E-mail electronic mail is the current electronic media to send message. It is a way to deal with fetch peo ple wherever all through the world for the span of the day and night without holding up the beneficiary to wake up and making himself appear. It can send messages to numerous people in a calculate of moments. It can in like manner send records, photos or even video cuts.Radio and TelevisionThese two are the wellspring of data. They entrust us the most recent data in the state of parole and commercials and furthermore a wellspring of excitement for us.Telecommunication Media transmission is the most imperative method of correspondence. It builds up direct connection between two gatherings situated at better places and whenever. Telephone utility was begun in 1881 in India however in the most recent two decades, there has been considerable development in media transmission division. India has now the biggest media transmission arrange in Asia. Moreover cellular services are at boom in the country.

Lowering the Bar :: College Education School Essays

Lowering the BarWe have reached an era where everyone is evaluate to go to college, and educators are forcing this goal upon unwilling individuals to their great detriment. According to Barbara Schneider and David Stevenson in The Ambitious Generation Americas Teenagers, Motivated only when Directionless, only fifty part of twelfth graders surveyed in the 1950s expected to attend college, but by the 1990s, that number had increased to 90% (5). Much of this can be attributed to the change magnitude complexity of the American workplacemachinery has replaced most of the blue-collar jobs that existed five decades ago, and nearly every job requires some degree of technical sophistication.Much of it, however, cannot. about half of teenagers expecting to attend college hope to get degrees that exceed the credentials need for the occupations they want (Schneider 6). Schneider calls this an example of misaligned ambitions, as the majority of teenagers have proud ambitions but no c lear life plans for reaching them (7). In the 1950s, soaring schooling students were segmented into different programsvocational, commercial, general education, and college preparatorybut now, 95% of high schools in America are considered comprehensive (Schneider 113).This situation provides a unwieldy dichotomy, as high school graduates now are better educate than those who graduated in the 1950s were but where our grandparents could expect that a high school diploma would gain them a job in a company where they could advance for the rest of their career, current adolescents believe the college diploma is the base credential needed to obtain meaningful work (Schneider 52). What 80% of college take shape students do expect, however, is a professional occupation after college, compared to only 42% of previous generations (Schneider 5).So, while much people expect to go to college than before, more of those who expect to go to college also expect to be better rewarded for it t han students in the 1950s. This is another example of misaligned ambitions, but were the majority of those students successful, it could be overlooked. Instead, what we are determination is that todays students are not prepared to succeed in a university environment. Only 34% of students who were freshmen in 1989 finished their bachelors degree in four years, with an additional 24% finishing in five years.To look at these numbers on a little scale, my freshman suite can be considered as an example.

Juvenalian And Horatian Satire :: Satire Comedy LIterary Essays

Juvenalian and Horatian SatireSatire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybodysface but their own which is the chief footing for that kind of reception itmeets in the world, and that so very few ar offended with it. Jonathan Swift(1667-1745), Anglo-Irish satirist. The Battle of the Books, Preface (written1697 published 1704).Satire is know as the literary dash which charters light of a subject,diminishing its richness by placing it in an amusing or scornful light. Unlikecomedy, jeering attempts to create humor by deriding its composition, as distant to atopic that evokes laughter in itself. Satires attempt to give us a much humorouslook at attitudes, advances, states of affairs, and in some cases ( as inJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal ) the entire hu reality race. The least disgustfulform of satire is Horatian satire, the style used by Addison and Steele in theiressays. A much more abrasive style is Juvenalian satire, as used by JonathanSwift in the aforementioned essay A Modest Proposal. To fall in understand satireas a whole, and Horatian and Juvenalian satire in particular, these essays bathprovide for further comprehension than a simple definition of the style alone.Horatian satire is noted for its more pleasant and amusing nature.Unlike Juvenalian satire, it serves to make us laugh at human folly as opposedto holding our failures up for needling. In Steeles essay The Spectators Club,a pub company is used to point out the quirks of the fictitious Sir Robert deCoverly and his friends. Roger de Coverly is an absolute character. His failurein an amorous pursuit have left him in the past, which is shown through his bearing of dress, along with his somewhat dubious honor of justice of the quorum.This position entails such trying duties as explaining Acts to the commoners.Also set out is a lawyer who is more versed in Aristotle and Cognius than inLittleton and Coke(Norton, 2193), indicative of lawyers more interest i nsounding learned than being capable of practicing actual law. intimately him, awealthy merchant whose concerns lie mainly in the wealth of England and himself,and who views the ocean as his marketplace. Captain Sentry is an old militaryman well practiced in the art of false modesty, a trait he detests in others.Also there is a clergyman who is so frail that he would sooner wait until theLord sees fit to scourge him than get on with the business of leading hislife.(Norton, 2192-2195). All of these characters present traits present in all

The Myth of the Five Senses Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

The Myth of the vanadium SensesWe see with our eyes and taste with our tongues. Ears ar for hearing, skin is for feeling and wreathes ar for smelling. Would anyone claim that ears can smell, or that tongues can see? As a matter of fact, yes. Paul Bach-y-Rita, a neuroscientist at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, believes that the senses are joint for instance, a tongue can be used for seeing. This revolutionary contain actually stems from a relatively popular concept among scientists that the brain is an suit organ. It will attempt to carry out the same function, even when go of it is damaged, by redirecting the function to another area of the brain. As opposed to foregoing mainstream scientists understanding that the brain is compartmentalized, it is now more than acceptable that the individual move of the brain could be somewhat interchangeable (1). For the purpose of scientific exploration, are the sensory variety meat interchangeable as well? Could a nose functi on as an ear, for example? If the brain is what actually sees and the eyes function only as entropy receptors, and if one could say the same about(predicate) taste, smell, hearing and touch, then does it matter which external organ the sensory information is received by? Our external organs all act as receptors of the information (5), so can one type of receptor be replaced by another and still produce the same experience? Bach-y-Ritas experiments notify that we experience the five senses, but where the data comes from may not be so important (1). In the article Can You See With Your diction? the journalist was blindfolded with a small video camera strapped to his forehead, affiliated to a long plastic strip which was inserted into his mouth. A lap... ... the external organs is a concept worthy of more attention and exploration, and it will explored more easily when the old, rather arbitrary myth of the five senses is discarded. References1) Discover clipping Online, Go to t he article Can you see With Your Tongue? http//www.discover.com/science_news/index.html2) an article that clear states there are seven senses. http//sun.science.wayne.edu/wpoff/senses.html3) an article about migration and possible explanations. http//www.spaceforspecies.ca/awareness_and_action/conserve_species_habitats/4)Discover magazine Online Go to the article A Fishs Sixth Sense http//www.discover.com/science_news/index.html5)Sensory Receptors a rattling informative site about more sensory organs as receptors, and other scientific explanation of the senses. http//courses.nnu.edu/bi362bf/sensory.htm