Definition of the Elsewhere Principle in Linguistics

In linguistics, the Elsewhere Principle is the proposition that the application of a specific rule or operation overrides the application of a more general rule. Also known as the Subset Principle, the Elsewhere Condition, and the Paninian Principle. American linguist Stephen R. Anderson points out that the Elsewhere Principle is invoked by [Stephen R.] Anderson (1969), [Paul] Kiparsky (1973), [Mark] Aronoff (1976), Anderson (1986), [Arnold M.] Zwicky (1986), etc., with antecedents going back to [the fourth century BC Sanskrit grammarian] PÄ Ã¡ ¹â€¡ini, [19th-century German linguist] Hermann Paul, and probably others (A-Morphous Morphology, 1992). Examples and Observations [T]he basic case of competition in morphology can be characterized by the Elsewhere Principle: a more specific form is preferred over a more general one where both are in principle grammatical. By definition, competitors are those forms that can be used to express the same concepts. It is possible, therefore, that competing structures are generated in different components, in particular, morphology and syntax. A well-known example involves the English comparative affix -er, which must attach to short (maximally bisyllabic) adjectives . . .. This morpheme is in competition with the syntactic modifier more, which can in principle attach to both short and long adjectives, and is therefore the more general form. In the context of short adjectives, the Elsewhere Principle dictates that -er blocks more . . .. (We add (19e) to show that in circumstances where the Elsewhere Principle does not apply more can indeed modify short adjectives.) (19a) Bigger(19b) *Intelligenter(19c) *More big(19d) More intelligent(19e) Bigger means more big This classical application of the Elsewhere Principle demonstrates that a morphological complex can be in competition with a syntactic phrase. . . .It does not seem too much to say that one of the core phenomena of morphology, and perhaps of grammar in general, is that one form can compete with, and hence block, others. The classical cases of such competition involve inflectional morphology as regulated by the Elsewhere Principle. . . . [W]e have argued that there are many more examples of competition, which differ from the classical case in terms of the nature of the candidates and the selecting restraints. (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Word-Formation in Optimality Theory. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005 Mapping Rules An idiosyncratic mapping rule need not mention a single morpho-syntactic terminal; it can also apply to combinations of (morpho-)syntactic material. For example, next to the mapping rules that associate TOOTH with /tooth/ and PLURAL with /z/, there is a mapping rule which relates [TOOTH PLURAL] to [/teeth/]. This rule can be formulated as follows, where P(X) stands for the phonological realization of a syntactic entity X: If PLURAL selects (a category headed by) TOOTH,then P(TOOTH, PLURAL) /teeth/ Since this mapping rule is more specific than the one that only mentions PLURAL, the elsewhere principle states that the latter is blocked where the former can apply, ruling out *[/tooth/ /z/]. Note that this does not mean that the lexicon contains multiple morpho-syntactic morphemes that represent plurality (there is only one plural affix). (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Morphological Selection and Representational Modularity. Yearbook of Morphology 2001, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Kluwer, 2002) Illustration and Qualification Two elements are important in the Elsewhere Principle. First, it inactivates rules in particular cases as a property of the rule system as a whole. Second, it does so in virtue of a logical relationship between rules: entailment between application conditions. The rule that is inactivated by a second rule applying to the same case applies to all cases to which the second rule applies.The English plural is formed by adding a morpheme -s to the end of a stem. A number of words have special plurals, such as goose, which has the plural geese. The existence of the nonregular plural (a remainder of an older plural; formation by means of vowel shift) rules out the regular form *gooses.The rule that assigns geese has the application condition stem goose, which is more specific than the application condition stem X4 for the regular plural formation. It follows by the Elsewhere Principle that the regular rule for plural formation does not apply to goose.There is an important caveat with the Elsewhere Principle: It does not always lead to the right conclusion. It is sometimes possible for the irregular form to coexist with the regular form, and sometimes there is neither an irregular nor a regular form. In these cases, the Elsewhere Principle would predict the absence of a regular form or the presence of a regular form, respectively, predictions that are not borne out by the facts. It follows that in these cases another explanation needs to be sought. (Henk Zeevat, Idiomatic Blocking and the Elsewhere Principle. Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives, ed. by Martin Everaert et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995) Further Reading GrammarMorphologyPhonologyRules of EnglishSyntax

Effective Communication Skills Essay - 1144 Words

Listening is a vital element of communication and it is very much different from hearing sense of human. A meaningful communication requires both a good listener and a speaker. However, the effect of a listening style may vary depending on the occasions and situations a listener is in. Sometimes, speaker exhibit ineffective style such as defensiveness, ambushing, pseudo-listening, stage hogging and selective listening in their communication tracks. I am a good listener because I pay my whole attention to the speaker commentswho comes to me so they can be heard. People like to know they have been heard and I can do that job very well but hearing and truly listening are two different things. In my opinion, listening engage you to†¦show more content†¦Thus, I attend my speaker with my full concentration as they speak, overcoming distractions and even going so far as to forgive a speakers poor communication skills. Simply by paying attention, I can build an unspoken rapport with my speaker. Paraphrasing is another element essential in the good listening habits. I try to make sure in gathering input from the speaker or loosely summarize whatalready have said in order to feel them they have been listened. Paraphrasing also urges a speaker to clarify his comments as well as permitting him to know that these comments have been heard. Understanding often involves emotion of a good listener. I consider a job well done if it allows the speaker to become slightly uninhibited during the communication process because if speakers are being criticized by a listener, they show inhibition while speaking in the conversation. By expressing empathy and understanding while listening requires flexibility, I encourage them to be candid while expressing their emotions. I involved myself in their conversation as I express I am in their shoes so they feel more candid as they speak. I feel that speaker should have freedom to express themselves completely before attempting to interrupt for comments or questions regarding what they are saying. This again requires understanding and patience from a good listener. Interrupting a speaker is likely to be a interpreted as a sign of rudeness. AccordingShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication And Communication Skills Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagestogether as a team to collaborate, delegate and consult. In order for this team effort to be effective, good communication skills must exist between medical professionals. Many times, messages can be altered and interpreted differently; if the conditions for transmission barriers develop. External barriers and internal barriers, such as confusion and mental status can hinder effective communication. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal, and it is important to understand that different culturesRead MoreCommunication Skills For Effective Communication929 Words   |à ‚  4 Pages Based on your examples from each principle of effective communication (General, Interpersonal and Written), describe the potential barriers (problems) to effective communication in the presentation, as well. Remember to state the problem and then how this can affect communication. Introduction I am going to describe how communication skills are used effectively in the presentation. General Communication Skills General communication skills are a way of expression or exchanging ideas and thoughtsRead MoreCommunication Skills : Effective Communication1656 Words   |  7 Pages Communication Skills Effective communication skills The health and social worker must be able to communicate effectively with a wide range of patients or clients. 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Communication skills, including the abilityRead MoreEssay on Effective Communication Skills1308 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, what is often overlooked is the value of possessing effective communication skills to build relationships among one’s peers and leaders. For without the possession of effective communication skills one may find it difficult to not only succeed but also advance in the work place. Specifically in the field of education, where leaders are faced daily with challenging tasks, commitments, and deadlines, having effective communication skills is detrimental in creating a positive school climate inRead MoreEffective Communication Skills Are Important905 Words   |  4 PagesEffective communication skills are important no matter who an individual is talking to, but they are vital when it comes to talking to someone who has either been a victim or a witness of a crime. A victim is at their most vulnerable state so they need to be talked to delicately and have support. Often times, witnesses of a crime are overlooked and are not questioned and they may have valuable information that could help a victim recover from the crime and give them justice. Communication in victimologyRead MoreEffective Communication And Interpersonal Skills942 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership skills have â€Å"the ability to influence others, through effective communication and interpersonal skills† (American Sentinel University). Commonly, directors and senior nurse managers are confined to a different schedule than bedside nurses; working outside of clinical practice and patient interaction and focusing primarily on addressing organizational issues, increasing morale and productivity among staff all while increasing the quality of patient care. Effective communicati on and the abilityRead MoreEssay on Skills for an Effective Communication1261 Words   |  6 Pagesability to connect with others by exchanging ideas and feelings both verbally and non-verbally. Verbal communication can consist of spoken conversations (face to face or phone calls) or written messages (letters, emails newsletters). Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, body language, eye contact, tone and pauses and is less direct but just as important. Good communication skills are essential for anyone working in the early childhood industry, because being able to communicate effectivelyRead MoreGuidelines For Effective Communication Skills1867 Words   |  8 PagesApply Effective Communication Skills in Nursing Practice ESSAY Name: Maree Bolba D R A F T COMMUNICATION Define â€Å"Communication.† Communication is an interactive process where an individual transmits a message to another individual or a group. ‘Human communication is an ongoing dynamic series of events in which meaning is generated and transmitted.’ (Potter Perry, 2000 pp 271) In saying so there are two main factors when communicating, them being the verbal or non-verbalRead MoreApply Effective Communication Skills6081 Words   |  25 Pagesat least five factors that could contribute to the success of a team. - Effective communication -Constructive criticism -Focus on the issues/goals -Working within the rules/policies -Active listening 3. Suggest at least five factors that could hinder the development of an effective team. - Unclear Goals - Conflicts between personalities - Interactions between team members (lack of quality) - Poor Communication - Unclear roles within the group dynamics. Activity 2.5 You have been

Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Going...

Going Beyond Revenge in Hamlet The simplest and superficially the most appealing way to understand Shakespeare’s Hamlet is to see it as a revenge tragedy. This genre was well established and quite popular in Shakespeare’s time, but it was precisely part of his genius that he could take old forms and renew them by a creative violation of their standards. As this essay will explore, Hamlet stands the conventional revenge tragedy on its head, and uses the tensions created by this reversal of type to add depth to its characters and story. The revenge tragedy of Shakespeare’s age, as exemplified in such productions as The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd and The Tragedy of Hoffman by Henry Chettle was gruesome to a†¦show more content†¦In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, of course, it would be quite different. I would contend, in fact, that Hamlet is not a revenge tragedy at all, but a drama on self-discovery and the consequences of deception. In Hamlet, for the title character and others, death comes from being false to oneself and others. Nevertheless, this death is purely physical: at the same time he is moving towards death as the consequence of the deception of himself and others, Hamlet is moving away from it in his mind, from death towards life, or at least a mature acceptance of what life might bring. Revenge, or to be more precise the struggle over when and how to take revenge, deepens him and make him fully aware and appreciative of life, even as he is about to be deprived of it. Let us briefly trace Hamlet’s progress through the play to illustrate these two movements. In the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his father, who commands him to kill his uncle and stepfather, but not to harm his mother (Act One scene 5, Shakespeare: 952). We should note here that even before this confirmation of the unnatural death of his father, his mother’s hasty remarriage had thrown Hamlet into a deep depression, to the point where only his religious sentiments prevented him from making away with himself: â€Å"How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable / Seem to me all the uses of this world!† (Shakespeare: 948). The revenge mission is thus initiallyShow MoreRelatedHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet as So Much More Than a Traditional Revenge Tragedy Although Shakespeare wrote Hamlet closely following the conventions of a traditional revenge tragedy, he goes far beyond this form in his development of Hamlets character. Shakespeares exploration of Hamlets complex thoughts and emotions is perhaps more the focus of the play rather than that of revenge, thus in Hamlet Shakespeare greatly develops and enhances the form of the traditional revenge tragedy. Read MoreMental Issues In Hamlet900 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince Hamlet clearly has a lot of mental issues. Hamlet never seems to truly come back once he is set on his moral journey. He is originally devastated and depressed at the murder of his father, but his moral path is shifted when he encounters his father’s ghost. After that he turns on a path of vengeance against Claudius for murdering his father and wooing his mother. The other characters’ paranoia intertwine with Hamlet’s moral pathRead More Shakespeares Hamlet - A Clear Revenge Tragedy? Essay1974 Words   |  8 PagesHamlet – a Revenge Tragedy?  Ã‚        Ã‚   Most of the revenge-tragic aspect of the Shakespearean play Hamlet is explicitly presented. Some is disguised as straight tragedy, for example, Ophelia’s insanity and death; and some is implied tragedy found in the history of verbal allusions.    In the essay â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech,† Harry Levin discusses the implied tragic dimension of the â€Å"Hecuba† soliloquy:    But the lyrical note can prevail no more than the epical, sinceRead MoreHamlet And Sanity Essay1806 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet† views the life of a complex protagonist Hamlet, the Danish prince who is fueled with vengeance to murder the killer of his father King Hamlet. Although Hamlet may be a character whose thoughts and actions resemble a madman or someone who has lost their sanity, it’s clear he is fully sane due to him deciding to fake madness to carry out his revenge plot on killing his Uncle Claudius, who is the current throne holder and his mother’s newlywed husband. It is very facile toRead More Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Pure Revenge Tragedy?1932 Words   |  8 PagesHamlet – the Revenge Tragedy?  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   A baffling array of considerations relevant to the revenge aspect of Shakespeare’s tragic drama Hamlet make an essay on this topic an interesting experience.    Ruth Nevo in â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging† explains the uncertain place which revenge occupies within the hero’s most famous soliloquy:    And conversely, because self-slaughter is the ostensible subject of the whole disquisition, we cannot read the speech simplyRead MoreDoubt in Hamlet1267 Words   |  6 Pages‘Her death was doubtful.’ Analyse the theme of doubt in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, doubt is one of the most important themes. In fact, the whole play is based on the story of a ghost who claims to be Hamlet’s father, and nobody can be sure if what he says is the truth. In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. I will first speak about the opening scene, and then I will talk about the ghost, which is a supernatural element used by Shakespeare to createRead MoreDoubt in Hamlet1256 Words   |  6 Pages‘Her death was doubtful.’ Analyse the theme of doubt in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, doubt is one of the most important themes. In fact, the whole play is based on the story of a ghost who claims to be Hamlet’s father, and nobody can be sure if what he says is the truth. In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. I will first speak about the opening scene, and then I will talk about the ghost, which is a supernatural element used by Shakespeare to createRead MoreEssay on Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet1913 Words   |  8 Pages     Ã‚   Speculation about whether the Shakespearean drama Hamlet satisfies the requirements of an Elizabethan revenge tragedy is discussed in this paper, with considerable critical commentary. Richard A. Lanham in â€Å"Superposed Plays† comments on the lesser revenge tragedy within the greater revenge tragedy of Hamlet: Now there is no doubt about how to read the Laertes play: straight revenge tragedy, to be taken – as I’ve tried to imply in my summary – without solemnity. We are to enjoy theRead MoreComparing The Ghost Character in ‘Hamlet’ and ‘Snow in Midsummer’1797 Words   |  7 Pagesmost famous drama which was written by Guan Hanqing. Hamlet, one of the four famous tragedies which is written by William Shakespeare from between 1599 to 1602. This drama tells the story of his uncle Claudius murdered Hamlets father, usurped the throne and married the kings widow, Gertrude. In order to get back the throne, Prince Hamlet He was determined to avenge for his fathers murder from his uncle. In all the works of Shakespeare, Hamlet is probably the most controversial film, which is alsoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 3075 Words   |  13 PagesOjomo Minott 3/17/15 ENG 102-007 Professor Hayes Hamlet Research Paper To Kill Or Not To Kill [A Mockingbird]? Quintessentially speaking, revenge is a thing that many have sought in response to a tragic event unfolding. Typically, as a result, vengeance is contemplated upon by the victim as a means of retribution, a way of making things right and seeking justice on the behest of the victim, if the law will not grant justice through due process due to corrupt forces stemmed deep within it- corrupt

Nursing Career Development Essay - 1532 Words

CAREER PLAN Brandys Personal Career Development Plan I. Personal Goals a. Long Term Goals i. My long term goal is to obtain my Master of Science degree in Nursing. This goal will be accomplished by January 1, 2015. ii. My long term goal is to obtain a position at a hospital as Nurse Practitioner. This goal will be accomplished by June 1, 2016. b. Short Term Goals i. My short term goal is to obtain my Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing at Jacksonville University. This goal will be accomplished by October 15 2014. ii. My short term goal is to finish 20 credits of study by March 31, 2013. II. Mentor: Melissa Iglesias, NP Melissa Iglesias works under an internal†¦show more content†¦ii. Process In order to become a nurse practitioner the nurse must have obtained an Associates Degree in Nursing, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and Master of Science in Nursing. The required education takes about six years to complete. Once the listed degree programs are completed the nurse will need to take a certification exam to determine competency. If the nurse has the desire to work in a specialized area then additional tests may be required. Once the exam has been taken and passed the endorsement will be added to existing RN license. d. Role Availability and Salary The severe nursing shortage that had been predicted for Florida was temporarily delayed by the recent economic recession, but key provisions of health care reform that are due to come into effect in 2014 are expected to cause the demand for RNs to increase rapidly. The salary for a nurse practitioner is anywhere between $50,000 to $100,000. e. Pros, Cons, and Liabilities i. Pros The advantages to becoming a nurse practitioner is the high level of autonomy. The nurse practitioner is able to provide primary medical services even without the supervision of a medical doctor. With the development of the new healthcare reform there will be an abundance of jobsShow MoreRelatedNursing : Career Development Essay examples2141 Words   |  9 PagesStatement Introduction Nursing is a call to serve the humanity. Present day healthcare system focused on preventive care and wellness has become highly advanced which makes every nurse responsible to achieve maximum level of education, skills and power of knowledge to meet the challenges. Continuous research in nursing and the evidence obtained from the research serves to support the nursing care. Continuing education helps nurses to keep track of all the developments taking place in the fieldRead MorePersonal And Career Development Of The Nursing Community898 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics is a set of values that guides many practices and decision throughout personal and career development. Ethics plays a major role in the nursing community. Nurses are to determine what choices will help their patients, and encourage decisions that will improve the outcome of treatment, along with taking care of the family members of the patient. Do to different cultural backgrounds and religion, moral dilemmas arise. One debate in particular relates to whether or not to tell the patients andRead MoreHealthcare Smart Goals1309 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional development through mentoring programs for career development, professional growth, increase of morale, and quality within my nursing career by the end of one year. The second goal is to apply the principles of effective organization involving use of information, focus on patient care giving, and design clinical care giving in an organizational chart to achieve organizational planning and evaluation as all levels. 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Streaming Live Interactive Audio And Video â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Streaming Live Interactive Audio And Video? Answer: Introduction Live streaming technology is normally applied to output live programs like concerts, sports, and more other radio and TV events that are relayed live. Live streaming is the action of transmitting media to mobile devices and computers in real time or live. The main concern in media streaming to a browser is relaying a document created on the fly because it lacks pre-driven start or end contrary to playing a finite document or media. Streaming Tools KeyCDN Tools- These tools offer a group of online selections to evaluate website or recognize issues that comprehend connectivity. The tools simplify the process of the problem resolution of web projects. Some of the benefits of KeyCDN tools are; speed evaluation of website access in various locations, provision of geographically related data for the provided hostname, provision of HTTP response header details, and network and security checks. [1] Cloudflare application- Cloudflare Apps simplifies the identification and usage of the tool to individuals owning a website. Some of the benefits associated with the installation of Cloudflare includes; allowing the users to watch the content live without installing any software, provision of alternatives with clear guidelines on the configuration and customization of the application user interface, showcasing the application to many audience, demonstration of app with custom-built links on websites to show previews and delivering of new updates and releases to users apps. [2] Akamai- offers market-greatest, cloud-based tool and aids in developing mobile and web applications, safe e-commerce and online HD video. Putting together highly-dispersed, energy-effective computing with smart software, global platform of Akamai is completely changing the cloud into a more reasonable place to advertise, inform, collaborate, entertain and transact. [3] Streaming Protocols The following are some of the protocols that serve adaptive streams; HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the most regularly advocated protocol that aids in transferring media live or on-demand content. RTMP- Real Time Messaging Protocol is a solution protocol created by Macromedia and sustained by the Adobe Flash link. Some of the types of RTMP are; RTMPE, RTMPS, and RTMPT. RTSP-Real Time Streaming Protocol masters media programs between terminals and is often used along with Real-time Control Protocol and Real-time Transport Protocol for delivery of media stream. Applying RTCP and with RTP facilitates adaptive streaming. [4] Metrics related to performance of audio and video transfer and sharing There are several factors that contribute to quality video, audio, and sharing of application. This includes the environment, devices used, and the network connectivity. Devices- In a Real-Time media program, media capturing and interpretation gadgets that all users use like web cams and headsets have a great effect on the general video and audio quality. Devices of Lower quality will generate low sound and image quality for audio and video respectively. Accredited devices, however, aids video resolution, echo cancellation, latency reduction and noise filtering. [5] It is crucial to introduce some levels of latency for media devices streaming real-live media. As such, it greatly impacts and enhance general latency and the consumers experience. Environment- this is another factor for video and audio quality. Users communicating in a noisy area will experience echo, unclear and muffled sounds. Bright and clear image for quality video wont be produced if the user is situated in a low light or a dark area. In a colloquium room set up, the locality of the video gadgets and microphone have a direct effect on the audio and video quality that users will receive. [2] Network- the value of connectivity of the network greatly influences the value of live media over IP network, but particularly by the level of Latency. This network procreation delay is importantly connected to the width of the two points and the velocity of light, inclusive of the additional overhead captured by several routers in between. Latency is calculated as RTT (Round-trip Time). [3] Packet Loss also impacts the quality of real-tie media. This is normally described as an allotments of packets lost in a specific window of time. Packet loss impacts sound quality from little personal lost packets having little effect, to adjacent blast losses that bring about full audio cancellation. Inter-packet jitter also impacts the real-time media quality. It is the average variation in downtime across successive packets. A participant will only observe effects when the jitter surpasses the buffering. Deploying Quality of Service among clogged networks- In addition, traffic crowdedness over a network will highly influence media quality. To aid video and audio packets to transmit the network faster and to be on the first line up over other network jam in a crowded network, Quality of Service can be utilized to assist in provision of an optimal consumer experience for video and audio interactions. [2] QoS offers a way for assigning higher lead to network packets that transports video and audio information. As such, communication of audio and video is likely to commute over the network quicker, and with less interference, than network programs having things like database backups, document transfers, or web browsing. That's the reason as to why the network packets applied for document transfers or backups of database automatically are allocated best effort as the first line up and network over crowdedness won't have as big effect. If you fail to assign a high priority to the media packets and assign them as best effort, they will be prepared with the rest network traffic. In reliance to the amount of network overcrowding, it will eventually lead to a lower quality users experience of audio and video. [6] Cisco organization was seasoned with high growth in the mid of 1990s and therefore te organization was forced to research on innovative means and processes to quickly and bearably maintain the heightened needs for cross-team communication and training. Also during that time there as was insufficiency of expert IT employees, technology was evolving rapidly and there was more pressure globally due to these facts. [7] The swift developments were coupled with expanding requirements and needs to disperse knowledge and information through the entire organization. Conventional classroom teaching and communication channels were no growing to meet the needed output and thus Cisco administration saw the need to come up with a quick fix to address this issue that would enhance the firms competitive advantage and reputation. In essence, information and communication technology was required to collect business requirements for the firms communications, design and develop a solution and guidelines on implementation within the employee dispersed stations. The objective as to improve productivity which included: direct and on time intercommunication for the executive, finalization and access to standard and regulations on training conformity. Ensuring that the sales force is frequently updated on emerging and new technologies and products and sanctioning constant product updates, training and announcements. Global Cisco stakeholders including customers, partners and employees knew the benefits and essence of communication technology to address these objectives. The outcome was a powerful enterprise couple with growing demands for multimedia business fixes. Problem Challenge In reaction to the extant requirements for expansive scale training the Cisco media network was designed and developed. In just one moment, the organization needed the capability to administer technical education to a thousands of system engineers and sales account managers. Furthermore, the company had to offer similar training to about 25000 distribution channel partners with over 400000 employees in different locations across the globe and 35000 workers. An increasingly big sophisticated device portfolio and advancing schedules enhanced the training scope complexity. It was vivid that conventional classroom-based learning, which forced man students to travel, costly and almost not possible with the current time and resources allocated. Proposed Solution To address these challenges, and enhanced media explication able to deliver various contents including, verbal lab access, video, and audio, was provided and make sure that content access platforms were developed. [7] The following are the steps in user centric design approach: Identify the need; it is necessary to identify the need to come up with a solution to address the problem at hand. Context of use: determine the users of the product, for what purpose are they using and the circumstances under which they will utilize it. Requirement specification: determine the needs and objectives of the consumers of the product in order to come up with the best solution. Design solutions: this stage can be done in modules from an idea to a full design. Evaluation: this is done by conducting user acceptance testing to find out if the system or solution meets the user objectives. Figure 1: User Centric Design Concentration on multimedia mirrored largely embraced model of training and learning; typically, human being remember 50% of what they hear and see, 10% of the read content and 20% of the heard content. The emerging quick fix enabled the experts of subject matter and authors of content an environment to create multimedia content which enables secure and easy access of such content worldwide by channel partners and cisco workers. [8] A key module of the elementary multimedia technique entailed streaming live video for on-demand content and live events. The video technique which offered exceptional flexibility for extending learning to global congregations was made possible by the content networking products belonging to Cisco. The project expanded beyond the limits of e-learning to adopt the entire array of business intercommunication with the IT team going on with collecting extra business needs. Evolution of the firm to combine data, audio and video IP network was critical to allowing video streaming solutions structured to meet the fulfilled and wide assortment of business communication needs. [9] Videoconferencing The number of virtual conferences have surpassed that of physical or in-person conference since the year 2003 at Cisco. Videoconferences currently transcend 9000 hours every year thats approximately 200 meetings. This has helped in increasing productivity, enhancing efficiency, saving time and cutting travel costs which has led to increased demand and use. [9] IP Video Telephony This helps in supporting video-enhanced intercommunication. The combined framework has led to voice service comparable to video with regard to cost effectiveness, eased usability, ease of deployment and enhanced administration. [10] Web Conferencing Cisco Unified MeetingPlace application offers global access to web conferencing from common-based interfaces. Web conference, voice and video functions can be controlled by the user from solitary interface. The ability to see who is in the conference, the people talking, use of whiteboards, record and playback meetings and conducting elections aids in improving user productivity. Furthermore, conference participants can manage their own interfaces Conference users can control their own interfaces. [11] Conclusion Streaming live and interactive audio has several advantages including: it is very engaging, one can reach out to larger audience in different geographical locations, one can control the content, leads to longer-view-time compared to on-demand video content, some platforms like Hangouts on Air enables audience to share the content, real statistics of the performance of the content can be mined as it airs However, it has some drawbacks including: the user has to know his/her audience to determine whether the content would suit them, some cost has to be incurred like buying bandwidth, and also there are several technological factors that have to be considered like the type of platform to use, and whether the platform needs encoding, can the content be accessed via mobile devices and so on References M. W. Allen, Michael Allen's e-learning annual 2012, San Francisco, Calif: Pfeiffer, 2012. T. Ma, Y. H. Lee and M. Ma, "QoS provisioning by power control for video communication via satellite links," Communication and networking, vol. 33, p. 259275, 2015. K. K. Hausman and S. L. Cook, IT architecture for dummies, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Pub. ; Chichester, 2011. S. Loreto and S. P. Romano, Real-time communication with WebRTC, Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media, 2014. D. Minoli, Linear and non-linear video and TV applications using IPv6 and IPv6 multicast : deploying the infrastructure to deliver evolving next-generation TV and video services, Hoboken: Wiley, 2012. S. Cornelius, C. Gordon and J. Schyma, Live online learning : strategies for the web conferencing classroom, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. C. Wei and H. Zhang, "Journal of Software Engineering and Applications," Applications of a Streaming Video Server in a Mobile Phone Live Streaming System., vol. 7, L. A. Tomei, Online and distance learning : concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications, Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference, 2008. B. RAMESH and D. MANJULA, "International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences," CA-AODV: Congestion Adaptive AODV Routing Protocol for Streaming Video in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 1, pp. 322-328, 2008. . A. Chou and M. v. d. Schaar, Multimedia over IP and wireless networks : compression, networking, and systems, Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2007. Streaming Protocols Education Press, 2012. D. Wimble, The Indie Bible : 15th Edition (2014), Cork: BookBaby, 2014. . A. Peters, Library programs online : possibilities and practicalities of Web conferencing, Santa Barbara, Calif: Libraries Unlimited, 2009. C. Duhujamahoro, C. Twizere, P. Mazimpaka, T. O. Shema and N. Pascal, "Analysis of the Effects of Rainfall Intensity into the Performance of Video Conferencing," World Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, pp. 71-81, 2016. H. Yuan and H. Du, "The Design and Implementation of Qt-based Cross-platform Video Conferencing Remote Control," Communications and Network, 5,, vol. 5, pp. 73-77, 2013. S. Chand, "Communications and Network," Live Video Services Using Fast Broadcasting Scheme, vol. 2, pp. 79-85, 2010.

Human Nature Consists Of Three Basic Components. These Are To Live, To Essay Example For Students

Human Nature Consists Of Three Basic Components. These Are To Live, To Essay propagate and to dominate. If Humanity was left without any other parameters, this natural state of existence would govern its behavior. Fortunately, there are parameters that exist. These parameters are law. The topic of this paper addresses the type of law that operates in creating potential boundaries for the behavior of states. This law is called the Law of Nations or international law. Patrick Moynihan, a senator from New York, has written a book on this subject called On the Law of Nations. His book argues that states need international law to monitor their actions and to maintain order. He also notes the frequent departures states do from international law. This essay will reflect his plea to return to the norms that international law provides; it will also discuss and identify the moral dilemmas that are present with international law and its relationship with states. The term laisser aller or letting go is used by Friedrich Nietzsche to describe this state of nature, in which man resides absently of law. His use of the term represents the struggle morality wages against nature and reason. He equates morality in any form, with tyranny and unreason. Nietzsche proposes that mans natural existence be, in essence, nihilistic. Logically, the political entity known as the state, created by man will inherit these traits. Thus, the conclusion is that the creation and institution of international law are in direct violation to nature. However, international law exists and states generally submit themselves to it. . Since most of this law is derived from codified norms of states, the term submission can be used. There is a disservice committed to humanity when the law is broken, not just to those who are weaker in the global community but to the law itself. A violent raping of the law is committed when it is taken in an a la carte form. The constant shifting back and forth from international law to nature creates an incoherent system and a basis for calling the reversion to the natural state, evil. In this setting illegal unilateral action is immoral. Conversely, the adherence to the law is equally immoral. This conclusion is drawn from the virtue of integrity. Either have a commitment to comply with morality or completely abstain from a hypocritical form of servicing the law with words and no conformity. Consistency, is an extremely important factor of a system of law. Moynihan argues that the United State has begun to traverse a path leading away from its adherence to international law. There is clear evidence that the United States is moving away from its long established concern for and advocacy of international legal norms of state behavior. The implication of the United States departure is extremely troubling. The decline of universalism in world politics can be seen through the example of the United States. Moynihan has no trouble in finding examples in recent history to support his argument. During the Bush Administration two examples are cited of unilateral action condoned by the United States, which are violations of international law. The first is the precedent allowing the Federal Bureau of Investigation apprehend fugitives of United States law anywhere around the world. This violates the principles of sovereignty and jurisdiction. The second example is the United States raid on the home of the Nicaraguan embassador in Panama. This clear ly violates the idea of extraterritorality. These actions are interpreted to be in violation to the very law that the United States constitution promises to up hold. Because of these actions and many others that are frequently taking place all around the globe, an underlying disregard for law in the international community exists. One could conclude that there is no real international law but international suggestion. .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .postImageUrl , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:visited , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:active { border:0!important; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:active , .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506 .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38aae892c65f99e32ced5279254a4506:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Will In The Great Divorce EssayThe moral dilemma does not exist in an isolated location, such as the United States. This is a wide spread enigma that confronts political thinkers of today. The existence of an operational universal system in a predominated arena of nationalism is nearly impossible. The two systems have been shifting since the Treaty of Westphalia, according to Hans Morganthau. He argues that nations are now the standard-bearers of ethical systems, each of them of national origin and each of them claiming and aspiring to provide a supranational framework moral standards . . . This powerful argument proposes that the framework has changed. There has bee n a shift from that common ground to something self-interested. The reason for the shift is nationalism. Each state maintains that they have the moral system which should be universally accepted; thus, only satisfying that part of the international law that is right for them. This gives us international law a la carte and consequently, not a viable system at all. International law exists as hybrid system of law. Unfortunately, consistency is a problem. If this was the case in law on a domestic level there are concessions for enforcement. The international community has no such institution nor stipulation for uniform compliance to its law. This creates a dilemma, how can a grouping of people whose nature is self-interested behave morally without encouragement from a compulsory mechanism?This essay reflects the ideas argued by Patrick Moynihan in the book, On the Law of Nations. Furthermore, it argues the notion of morality in the international community, that either there is complete surrender to its principles or total abstinence in participation. Perhaps one day a solution will arise to successfully solve the dilemmas the world faces in obtaining a world of order. A world where the law is not based on mere custom but a legislature empowered to create laws that are binding to all states. Having a system that allows for enforcement and interpr etation of the law will benefit the now chaotic world that hangs on the thread of sanity over the abyss of annihilation.